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Contrary to popular belief, serial murder is not a recent phenomenon. There are recorded incidences of serial murder during the 15th century, when Gilles de Rais was charged with the murders of 140 women. Similarly, during the 17th century, in Scotland, the Beane family is believed to have been responsible for the deaths of 1,500 victims. However, it was not until the 19th century that serial murder came to the attention of the public when “Jack the Ripper” murdered five females in London's Whitechapel district, noted for its prostitutes. Since then, acts of serial murder appear to have increased (Hickey, 2002).

Team Serial Killers

A serial murderer can be defined as an individual who kills three or more victims, strangers, relatives, and/or acquaintances over a period of time exceeding 30 days, during which the perpetrator overwhelmingly attempts to avoid capture (in contrast with mass and/or spree murderers); the motivation may be intrinsic (e.g., power motivated) or extrinsic (e.g., monetary gain). Team serial killers often work in pairs of two men, two women, or a man and a woman. However, in cases of killers such as the Beane family, a team consists of three or more individuals, related (termed family killers) or otherwise.

Despite a dearth of literature pertaining to team serial killers, it is known that offenders share some commonalities: He or she is generally Caucasian; mid-20s; completed or partially completed high school; employed as a blue-collar worker; targets strangers (male and/or female) choosing a personal approach (strangulation, suffocation), unlike mass killers, who select an impersonal method (firearm); retains trophies or souvenirs from the victims (video recording, personal items); and appears to display extreme cruelty toward victims (torture, dismemberment).

In contrast to serial killers acting alone, team killers are unique in that they share a sense of solidarity and social cohesion. On the other hand, research has demonstrated that one team member generally turns on the other, often resulting in their arrest and conviction. The following sections offer an overview of male team, female team, and male and female team killers, and family killers and victim selection.

Male Team Killers

Male team killers consist of two or more males who are generally not related, although Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono, the “Hillside Stranglers,” were cousins who targeted females employed as prostitutes in Los Angeles, California, between 1977 and 1978. They eventually dissolved their partnership, and Bianchi relocated in Seattle, Washington. While in Washington, Bianchi committed two murders, which led to his arrest and, ultimately, his testimony against his cousin Buono in the killing of nine Los Angeles women. Following Bianchi's arrest, he claimed that he had an alter-ego personality and therefore was not responsible for his actions. This defense was not accepted, and Bianchi was found competent to stand trial for his role in the murders.

Very few team killer offenders are diagnosed with mental disorders but, rather, are diagnosed with personality disorders such as psychopathy. Psychopathy is defined by distinctive behaviors and personality traits, including a lack of conscience. Although a personality disorder might explain in part why team killers commit serial murder, researchers have investigated other possibilities in an attempt to explain their development and motivation.

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