Terrorism, History of

Defining Terrorism

Definitions of terrorism vary, and the essential components of the term remain controversial. Historians have traced the origins of the term back to the French Revolution. International authorities face major obstacles in their attempts to formulate a universal definition of terrorists. Definitions differ according to the state's political orientation. Some view terrorists as criminals, but others see them as freedom fighters; it depends on who benefits from their activities. Given the potential use of biological and nuclear suitcase bombs, the general level of fear is rising, heightening psychological and traumatic consequences.

Historical references to terrorism are full of vivid examples illustrating events that inflict psychological trauma on innocent victims and bystanders. Terrorists use a variety of strategic and tactical methods to garner media attention, power, and control that include violence and intimidation. Terrorists induce fear and trauma to further their operational objectives. Moreover, terrorist goals include psychological, political, religious, and ideological agendas that attempt to endorse moral justification for the use of trauma and shock tactics.

Terrorism inflicts global consequences and represents two basic typologies: (1) transnational and (2) domestic. A transnational terrorist incident commences in one nation and terminates in another. In addition, transnational terrorism has political, social, and economic ramifications for two or more nations. Domestic terrorism is local and restricted to one nation; it represents an attempt to address or remedy political and social grievances.

Historically, the goal of a terroristic threat is to apply psychological trauma, which destroys confidence in government or competing groups. [Page 666]The terrorists aim to achieve their political goals and objectives by creating a climate of fear. The use of violence by persons or groups too weak for warfare is not a new phenomenon; it dates back centuries. A brief look at some ancient terrorist groups offers insight into historical and contemporary terrorist movements.

Historical Lessons

Examples of terrorism in the ancient world include the Sicarii (the daggermen), Jewish religious zealots who participated in a deadly rebellion in Judea, or Palestine (66–70 CE). The first set of Sicarii strategies included passive resistance; the purpose was to influence the apathetic portion of the Jewish population. Resentment intensified over the Romans' removing the Jewish monarchy's authority and imposing their own rule over Palestine. In addition, the arrest of important religious leaders and the use of excessive force to break up large demonstrations set the stage for intense political conflict.

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