Knowledge

Defining Knowledge

In common usage, knowledge is an unambiguous term that indicates a framework for understanding information. Whereas information may be regarded as passive data, once it is understood in meaningful context, it contributes to a knowledge base. That knowledge base can then be applied to problems, in which case it becomes a tool for critical thinking. A knowledge base is foundational, [Page 433]but it is not considered finite because doubts and curiosity persist to inspire further investigation. This is implied when an argument is qualified by the speaker’s admission that it is “to the best of my knowledge.” Thus the root of the word reveals its core attribute: the activity of knowing. Knowledge is thus assumed to be within the scope of human endeavors. It is further regarded as a continuous effort as people find order and meaning in their existence. The accusation that “you don’t know what you are talking about” suggests not knowing enough information or not integrating it logically. That may be as nuanced a description of knowledge as most people care to use, but a much closer examination of knowledge by its nature and role in human experience is a primary focus of philosophical inquiry, broadly termed epistemology, variously defined as theories the nature of knowledge or the nature of knowing (see the entry on Understanding, this encyclopedia).

Knowledge is rendered ambiguous due to its several dimensions as revealed by responses to the following questions: What is the source of the knowledge—for example, innate, divine inspiration, authority, social convention, deductive reasoning, scientific observation? How robust is the knowledge? Is it absolute and eternal or relative and fluid? How is the knowledge organized, by isolated propositions or integrated frameworks? Epistemic cognition refers to the understanding one has about the nature of knowledge and learning. A causal chain typically considers the quality of information, the neutrality of reasoning, the degree of honest intention, and the influence of other factors, resulting in a familiar list of virtues associated with intellectual integrity: honesty, rationality, reliability, trustworthiness, and transparency.

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