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Front Groups

A front group, also known as the third-party technique, is an entity established to work for the interests of a company or trade association, while appearing to represent the public’s welfare. While front groups often profess to work for the common good or diverse stakeholders, these organizations avoid mentioning or selectively disclose their main sources of funding and real agenda. In this way, front groups deceptively sway public opinion by running media campaigns, positioning spokespeople in the media, producing reports and analysis, and more.

In the past 20 years, public relations professionals for the food industry have established dozens of front groups. This entry discusses the history of front groups and how these organizations are used to influence policy making about food and agriculture and to shift public perceptions about food systems.

The History of Front Groups

Front groups were first used by communications professionals in the early 20th century. Their first use is often credited to the “father of public relations” Austrian American Edward Bernays, who allegedly created the first front group in 1913 as a 23-year-old magazine editor. This first front group used a slate of esteemed doctors to promote an otherwise controversial theatrical play. Bernays would go on to use this communications technique throughout his long career. In the late 1920s, Bernays hired prominent doctors to promote the health benefits of bacon for breakfast, without clearly disclosing that the doctors were engaged by the pork industry. In another example, a few decades later, Bernays created the “Celiac Project,” which celebrated the medicinal benefits of banana consumption without disclosing that it was funded by the United Fruit Company, the country’s largest banana producer and importer.

Characteristics of Front Groups

Today, there are hundreds of food industry front groups operating in the United States. Some are stand-alone 501(c)(3), tax-exempt organizations; others are embedded within larger organizations. There are several different front group position strategies.

Consumer-Based Front Groups

These front groups position themselves as representing the interests of the general public. While some do have consumer “members,” the campaigns are driven by corporate donors, and the actual public membership is usually quite small. In 2012, the California chapter of Citizens Against Lawsuit Abuse, which is funded by big business, launched a campaign against the state’s genetically modified food labeling ballot initiative. While Citizens Against Lawsuit Abuse maintained that it was working on behalf of concerned California citizens, the group was funded in part by Monsanto, the country’s largest producer of genetically modified seeds, among other companies.

Coalitional Front Groups

Other front groups frame their constituents as a broad coalition, positioning their corporate supporters as just one group within a diverse base of stakeholders. But despite saying they represent a variety of perspectives, many of these coalition-based front groups speak on behalf of narrow corporate interests. For example, the Alliance to Feed the Future, which was founded in 2011, claims to be composed of professional groups and societies (e.g., health professionals and academics), universities, government agencies, communications, and advocacy groups. But many of its members are in fact limited to food industry trade groups and the makers of agricultural chemicals and food additives, such as the Calorie Control Council (which represents fat substitute and artificial sugar manufacturers), the National Frozen Pizza Institute, and the Association of Dressings and Sauces.

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