Multimedia and Image Design

Learner accesses “reads” images

Learner constructs “writes” images

Design emphasis on the visual interface and embedded cues

Receptive architecture (Clark, 2000)

Instruction focuses on absorbing information.

Involves access to a visual artifact (a job-aid, book, slide-based lecture, movie, demonstration).

Uses the instructional strategy structure: ACCESS → INTERPRET

Employs other visual strategies such as

Access → Read

Access → Observe

Access → Watch

Access → Locate

Exploratory architecture (Clark, 2000)

Involves self-directed exploration for learning.

Learners generate or construct visual outcomes.

Reality TV’s Project Runway, Iron Chef, and Trading Spaces exemplify learning in this architecture. Constructivist learning theory supports this architecture.

Uses the instructional strategy structure: RESPOND TO A CHALLENGE → EXPLORE → GENERATE

Employs other visual strategies such as

RESPOND TO A CHALLENGE → EXPLORE →:

Create digital story, cartoon, comic strip

Create unique visualization/poster/advertisement

Create a website

Create an information graphic

Produce a film or YouTube video

Create a map showing parts-to-whole relationships

Create a visual product (clothing, building, tool)

Design emphasis on strong instructional support (feedback and interaction)

Directive architecture (Clark, 2000)

Instruction focuses on acquisition of knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Instructional content tends to have a hierarchical and sequential nature. Behaviorist learning theory supports directive strategies.

Involves access to a visual artifact (a job-aid, book, slide-based lecture, movie, demonstration).

Uses the instructional strategy structure:

ACCESS → PRACTICE → CHECK UNDERSTANDING

Employs other visual strategies such as

Access → Identify visual examples/non-examples → Check understanding

Access → Draft/sketch examples → Check understanding

Access → Organize information visually (mind map, flowchart, outline, list, chart) → Check understanding

Guided-discovery architecture (Clark, 2000)

Instruction focuses on activating prior knowledge and challenging a learner or group of learners to solve a problem or think critically. A facilitator supports learners with feedback and direction when needed. Learners visualize and create images (see exploratory architecture examples above) using technology and check their understanding using rubrics, tools, and facilitator feedback. Cognitive learning theory supports this architecture.

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