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Systematic Approaches to Problem Behavior
Not every approach to classroom management is explicitly systematic. Some approaches rely heavily on reacting to problems as they occur—with on-the-spot clinical judgments made to determine what to say and do. Other approaches are systematic in that they involve a plan, complete with procedures and steps to follow before and after behavior problems arise that is based upon the ecology of the classroom and the school. The purpose here is to describe what a systematic approach entails by describing current and important systematic approaches to classroom management of problem behaviors, as well as to describe the systematic method of inquiry known as functional behavioral assessment (FBA).
Two Systematic Approaches to Classroom Management
Schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports (SWPBIS) and the social and emotional learning (SEL) system represent two current systematic approaches to classroom management. What these two systematic approaches have in common is the belief that it is better to identify contextual features that maintain students’ problem behaviors than rely on reactionary discipline applied to individual students. Both approaches rely on teaching positive replacement skills to students, and both avoid negative consequences for problem behaviors. Both approaches are applied schoolwide and also in individual classrooms.
The SWPBIS is based on a multitiered risk model of prevention and intervention, whereas the SEL focuses on shaping new social skills.
Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports
The SWPBIS provides a continuum of interventions across three hierarchical tiers of increasingly intensive treatments that may involve more external support personnel with specialized skills. The classroom represents the first tier. About 85% of interventions for minor problems will be managed in that setting by the teacher. The school represents the second tier. About 10% of interventions for persistently disruptive behaviors may require backup support from specialized personnel such as the counselor, social worker, school psychologist, crisis team, parents, school administration, and, on occasion, special education staff. The community represents the third tier. About 5% of interventions for offensive and aggressive behaviors will require support from agencies such as law enforcement, division of child and family services, medical referral by parents, and alternative education programs.
SWPBIS is positive in that it avoids a reactionary, punitive approach that overrelies on suspension or expulsion. SWPBIS focuses on positive skills development and positive change methods. SWPBIS also focuses on the development of a positive social climate in the classroom and school; it emphasizes prevention over intervention. To set up a SWPBIS system, there must be administrative support, commitment from staff, self-assessment of the current schoolwide and classroom management policies, continuous assessment of effectiveness, and an implementation plan.
Within each classroom, each teacher must commit to a positive approach to classroom management that involves teaching new skills that are incompatible with problem behaviors. Each teacher must have three to five classroom rules and procedures stated in a positive manner. For example, “Please raise your hand and wait to be called on” rather than “No shouting out.” Then the positive rule is repeated by the entire class, demonstrated by the teacher, and then practiced with social reinforcement applied throughout the day.
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- Age, Grade, and Setting
- Age and Classroom Management
- Developmentally Appropriate Practice
- Early Childhood Education and Classroom Management
- Elementary Education and Classroom Management
- Field Trips
- Field Trips, Legal Requirements for
- High School and Classroom Management
- Kindergarten and Classroom Management
- Middle School and Classroom Management
- Physical Education and Classroom Management
- Positive Youth Development and Schooling
- Recess
- Rural Schools
- Assessment
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Assessing and Promoting Treatment Integrity
- Assessing Classroom Management
- Assessment of Students
- Assessment of Teacher–Student Relationships
- Assessment of Tests and Exams
- Behavioral Online Screenings for School Settings
- Beliefs About Discipline Inventory
- Curriculum Compacting
- Documentation and Classroom Management
- Functional Analysis
- Functional Behavioral Assessment
- High-Stakes Testing
- Intelligence
- Quantitative and Qualitative Studies
- Research-Based Strategies
- School Climate: Assessing and Improving
- Screening and Classroom Management
- Screening and Monitoring for Academic Success
- Target Behaviors
- Teaching as Researching
- Treatment Integrity
- Universal Screening
- Whole-Class Measurement of Disruptive Behavior
- Community (Classroom and Schoolwide)
- Caring Approaches
- Climate: School and Classroom
- Cooperation and Competition
- Democratic Meetings
- Democratic Practices in Classrooms and Schools
- Human Rights Education
- Inclusive Classrooms
- Japanese Model of Classroom Management
- Just Community
- Open Circle
- Quaker Education and Classroom Management
- School Climate: Assessing and Improving
- Schoolwide Positive Behavior Supports
- Service Learning
- Warmth and Classroom Management
- Development (of Students, Teachers, and Classrooms)
- Beginning Teachers and Classroom Management
- Classroom Management Consultation Strategies
- Classroom Organization and Management Program
- Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning
- Consulting with Teachers
- Council for Children With Behavioral Disorders
- Dropout Prevention
- Human Rights Education
- Inservice Teacher Education
- National Board for Professional Teaching Standards
- Reflective Practice
- School Climate: Assessing and Improving
- Social and Emotional Learning
- Social Problem Solving
- Social Skills: Meanings, Supports, and Training for Developing
- Teacher Education and Classroom Management
- Teacher Knowledge, Beliefs, Attitudes
- Teacher Self-Awareness
- Teacher Self-Efficacy
- Teacher Teaming and Professional Development
- Teachers-in-Training
- Diversity: Ability, Disability, and Special Needs
- American Sign Language
- Assistive Technology
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Autism and Inclusion in Classrooms
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Behavior Disorders
- Behavior Support Plans
- Bilingualism and Students With Disabilities
- Conduct Disorder
- Council for Children With Behavioral Disorders
- Deaf Students
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
- Disabilities and Classroom Management
- Dyslexia: Individualizing Instruction
- Gifted Students and Effective Classroom Practices
- Inclusive Classrooms
- Intellectual Disabilities (Mental Retardation)
- Language Disorders
- Learning Disabilities
- Medication for Emotional and Behavioral Problems
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder
- Service Learning and Special Education
- Severe Disabilities and Classroom Management
- Special Education and Hispanic Students
- Special Education and Peer Support Strategies
- Spiritual Supports for Students With Disabilities
- Students With Hearing Impairments
- Teachers and Families of Children With Special Needs
- Technology for Struggling Readers
- Diversity: Culture, Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Gender
- African American Styles of Teaching and Disciplining
- American Individualisms
- Anti-Bias Education
- Asian American Students
- Asian Americans as Model Minority
- Bilingual Education
- Chinese Model of Classroom Management
- Cultural Diversity
- Culturally Different Students in Gifted Education
- Culturally Pluralistic Classrooms
- Culturally Responsive Classrooms
- Culturally Responsive Classrooms for African American Students
- English Language Learners and Classroom Behavior
- English Learners
- Gender and Classroom Management
- Haitian Students
- Home–School Connections With Latino Families
- Immigrant Children and Families
- Inequities and Class Discussions
- Japanese Model of Classroom Management
- Language Differences
- Linguistic Diversity and Classroom Management
- Muslim Students and Classroom Management
- Native American Students
- New Teachers in Diverse Classrooms
- Religious Diversity and Classroom Management
- Sexual Orientation and Classroom Management
- Social Skill Instruction for Latino Students
- Socioeconomic Status
- Special Education and Hispanic Students
- Underachievement and African American Students
- Underachievement and Culturally Different Students
- Urban Schools
- History (Leaders and Movements)
- Instruction (Curriculum and Pedagogy)
- Academic Disciplinary Practices
- Active Student Responding
- Art: Studio Approaches to Learning Environments
- Arts for Learning Environments
- Character Education
- Computer-Assisted Instruction
- Curriculum and Classroom Management
- Curriculum Compacting
- Differentiated Instruction
- Digital Technology and Classroom Management
- Fostering Classroom Engagement
- Homework
- Humor
- Instruction and Cognitive Load
- Instructional Rounds
- Interactive Teaching
- Lesson Planning and Classroom Management
- Managing Classroom Discussions
- Managing Groupwork
- Motivating Students
- Multisensory Instruction
- Promoting Purpose and Learning Environments
- Reading, Language Arts, and Classroom Management
- Social and Emotional Learning for Young Children
- Spatial Activities and Manipulatives for Early Education Classrooms
- Story Writing
- Student Interest, Stimulating and Maintaining
- Teaching Philosophies and Approaches
- Tiered Assignments
- Video-Aided Instruction
- Whole-Class Methods
- Writing and Classroom Management
- Methods for Preventing and Managing Problem Behavior
- Active Listening and I-Messages
- Application of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports to Schoolwide and Classroom Settings
- Behavioral Supports for Secondary Education Classrooms
- Check In/Check Out
- Choral Response
- Class Meetings
- Clocklight
- Cogenerative Dialogue and Urban Classrooms
- Conflict Management
- Corporal Punishment
- Desists
- Detention
- Developmental Discipline
- Differential Treatment and Reinforcement
- Discipline Codes of Conduct
- Discipline, School and Classroom
- Disruptive Behaviors, Positive Approaches to
- Engaging Students Through Opportunities to Respond
- Extinction
- Good Behavior Game
- Help-Seeking Methods
- Learning Contracts
- Lessons and Lesson Planning
- Limits and Limit Setting
- Methods for Managing Behavior: Types and Uses
- Methods, Ineffective
- Monitoring
- Negative Reinforcement
- Office Referrals
- Peer Mediation
- Planned Ignoring
- Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports
- Praise and Encouragement
- Preventing Antisocial Behavior at the Point of School Entry
- Preventing Behavior Problems
- Proactive Classroom Management
- Proximity: Meaning and Uses
- Punishment
- Reframing
- Reinforcement
- Reminders
- Reprimands
- Rewards and Punishments
- Schoolwide Positive Behavior Supports
- Self-Regulation and Sensory-Affective Co-Regulation
- Self-Regulation to Solve Problems
- Suspension and Expulsion
- Teachers’ Language to Motivate Effort
- Time-Out
- Token Economies
- Organization of Learning Groups, Teaching Teams, and Administrators
- Organization of Time, Space, and Materials
- Beginning the School Year
- Classroom Organization and Management Program
- Materials in Early Childhood Classrooms
- Organization of Classrooms: Space
- Organization of Classrooms: Time
- Reminders
- Routines
- Schedules and Scheduling for Secondary Schools
- Space: Elementary and Secondary Classrooms
- Spaces for Young Children
- Transitions, Managing
- Policy and Procedures (In-Class, In-School, State, and Federal Government)
- Bullying and the Law
- Educational Reform and Teacher Effectiveness
- Emergency Procedures and Students With Disabilities
- Field Trips, Legal Requirements for
- Government Policy and Classroom Management
- Guns: History, Policy, Consequences
- Individualized Education Programs
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
- Law and Classroom Management
- No Child Left Behind Act
- Policy, Teachers, and Young Children
- Restraint and Seclusion Policy
- Rules and Expectations
- Safety, Policies for Ensuring
- School Discipline
- School Restructuring
- Schoolwide Discipline Policies
- Special Education Laws
- Problem Behaviors
- Relationships
- Attachment to Teachers
- Authority and Classrooms
- Authority, Children’s Concepts of
- Climate, School and Classroom
- Co-Teaching for Inclusive Classrooms
- Cogenerative Dialogue and Urban Classrooms
- Collaborative Approach to Classroom Management
- Community Approaches to Classroom Management
- Democratic Practices in Classrooms and Schools
- Ethics, Power, and Classroom Management
- Exemplary Teachers
- Expectations: Teachers’ Expectations of Students
- Home–School Connections
- Open Circle
- Peers and Peer Relations
- Physical Contact and Classroom Management
- Power and Classroom Management
- Sharing Authority
- Styles of Teaching
- Teacher–Parent Partnerships
- Teacher–Student Relationships
- Teacher–Student Relationships and Behaviorally At-Risk Students
- Trust, Building
- Warm Demanders
- Warmth and Classroom Management
- Welcoming Greetings at the Beginning of the School Year
- Systems (Interpersonal and Behavioral)
- Theories, Approaches, and Theoretical Constructs
- Approaches to Classroom Management: Types
- Attachment Theory
- Attribution Theory
- Behavioral Approaches, Foundations of
- Classroom Management and Maslow’s Humanist Psychology
- Community Approaches to Classroom Management
- Conditions for Learning
- Constructivist Approaches
- Creativity and Classroom Management
- Definitions of Classroom Management
- Democratic Practices in Classrooms and Schools
- Developmental Approaches
- Developmentally Appropriate Practice
- Differential Treatment and Reinforcement
- Dynamic and Relational Systems Theory
- Ecological Approaches
- Emotion Regulation
- Evidence-Based Classroom Management
- Executive Function and Behavior Problems
- Feminist Perspectives on Classroom Management
- Identity
- Institutional Racism
- Interpersonal Attribution Theory and Classroom Management
- Learning Styles
- Locus of Control
- Milieu Management for Children With Emotional and Behavioral Special Needs
- Mindfulness Practices for Teachers
- Mindfulness-Based Approaches to Classroom Management
- Montessori and Classroom Management
- Moral Development Theories
- Motivation, Intrinsic and Extrinsic
- Negative Reinforcement
- Play, Learning, and Classroom Management
- Points of Entry and Classroom Supports
- Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports
- Progressive Education
- Prosocial Behavior
- Punishment
- Quaker Education and Classroom Management
- Reinforcement
- Relationship-Based Approaches to Classroom Management
- Resilience
- Respect
- Responsive Classroom Approach
- School Psychologists
- School-Based Occupational Therapy
- Self-Determination Theory
- Self-Management
- Self-Regulated Learning
- Sensory Integration
- Social and Emotional Learning
- Sociocultural Theories and Classroom Management
- Target Behaviors
- Zone of Proximal Development
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