Abu Sayyaf Group

The Abu Sayyaf Group is a Muslim terrorist organization based on Basilan Island, one of the southern islands in the Philippine archipelago. Since the mid-1990s, the group, whose origins are somewhat obscure, has carried out terrorist attacks in the Philippines, including a series of high-profile kidnappings in 2000 and 2001.

The southern Philippines have had a substantial Muslim population for centuries. Sixteenth-century Spanish colonizers spread Christianity to the northern islands, treating the Muslims as a despised minority, and the area has seen periodic violence ever since. The people of the southern islands are among the poorest in the country. In the early 1970s, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) began a war of secession against the Philippine government. Although the fortunes of the MNLF and its splinter group, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), have risen and fallen since that time, violence and lawlessness have been a constant in the southern islands. Defections, desertions, and ideological disputes have resulted in many armed bands roaming the islands.

Abu Sayyaf (meaning “bearer of the sword”) began as one such band of former guerrillas, led by Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani, a charismatic former Islamic scholar who had fought against the Soviets in Afghanistan. The group first came to light about 1994, when it was thought to be a small splinter faction of the MILF. Most observers now consider it to be an entirely independent group, however. Early in its existence, Abu Sayyaf established connections with international Muslim terrorist organizations, including al Qaeda, and group members may have received training and support from these organizations.

Abu Sayyaf professes a desire for an independent Muslim state for the Philippines’ Muslim population, to be governed under Shariah law. In practice, however, the group's attacks—and particularly its kidnappings—seem to be motivated more by potential profit than by ideological or military significance, and the Philippine government has long considered them to be mere bandits. In the mid-1990s, Abu Sayyaf's strength was estimated at 500 members. Ransom money received from kidnappings has since increased that number, with some commentators believing the group to have as many as 4,000 members. Its stronghold is Basilan Island, though it operates on other Muslim-populated islands as well.

Starting in the late 1990s, Abu Sayyaf increased its numbers of kidnappings in Basilan and elsewhere. At first it targeted wealthy Filipino businessmen, usually releasing the captives after a ransom had been paid, but sometimes killing its victims regardless. In March 2000 the group gained international attention after raiding a local [Page 7]school and taking 27 hostages, most of them children. On April 23, the army launched a dangerous raid against the Abu Sayyaf compound housing the hostages. Four terrorists were killed, and 15 hostages were freed, 10 of whom were seriously wounded. Most of the terrorists escaped into the jungle, taking 5 hostages with them.

Later that day, a different faction of Abu Sayyaf struck again, this time abducting victims from a resort on the nearby island of Sipidan, which is part of Malaysia. The second group took 23 hostages, including 19 Malaysian and Filipino hotel staff, as well as several foreign tourists. Some of the journalists covering the kidnappings were also abducted. The hostages eventually included French, German, Finnish, Lebanese, U.S., and South African nationals. The international spotlight was now focused on the Philippine government, which felt compelled to act. Concerned for the safety of their citizens, the French, German, and South African governments prevailed upon the Filipinos to negotiate with the second group of hostage takers rather than launch another risky raid. A Libyan diplomat offered to act as a go-between, and negotiations began. After months of negotiations, a ransom of an undisclosed amount was paid to Abu Sayyaf and a dozen of the hostages were released. The kidnappers refused to part with the remainder, and President Joseph Estrada launched a massive military strike against the group in September 2000. The move was risky, but it secured the release of the hostages. In May 2001 another kidnapping was similarly resolved through military action.

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