Entry
Reader's guide
Entries A-Z
Subject index
Editorial Board
General Editor
Lyle J. Micheli, O'Donnell Family Professor of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Director, Division of Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston; Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School
- Mark Jenkins Children's Hospital Boston
Managing Editor
- James R. Andrews Andrews Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, Birmingham, Alabama
- John Bergfeld Cleveland Clinic Foundation
- Arthur L. Boland Partners HealthCare, Boston
- Robert C. Cantu Boston University School of Medicine, Emerson Hospital, National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research
- Joseph M. Cummiskey Blackrock Clinic, Dublin
- Eduardo Henrique De Rose State University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Avery Faigenbaum College of New Jersey
- Walter R. Frontera University of Puerto Rico
- Mary Lloyd Ireland University of Kentucky
- Mininder S. Kocher Children's Hospital Boston
- John C. Richmond New England Baptist Hospital, Boston
- Martin P. Schwellnus University of Cape Town, Science Institute of South Africa
- Angela D. Smith University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
- William D. Stanish Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine
- Willem van Mechelen Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Medical Center
Advisory Board
- Conditioning and Training
- Aerobic Endurance
- Body Composition (Body Mass Index)
- Burnout in Sports
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology: Responses to Exercise
- Circuit Training
- Conditioning
- Core Strength
- Cross-Training
- Detraining (Reversibility)
- Exercise Prescription
- Exercise Programs
- Fitness Testing
- Gender and Age Differences in Response to Training
- Home Exercise Equipment
- Immune System, Exercise and
- Interval Training/Fartlek
- Lean Body Weight Assessment
- Osteoporosis Prevention Through Exercise
- Overtraining
- Periodization
- Physiological Effects of Exercise on Cardiopulmonary System
- Plyometrics
- Principles of Training
- Resistance Training
- Speed, Agility, and Speed Endurance Development
- Static Stretching
- Strength Training for the Female Athlete
- Strength Training for the Young Athlete
- Stretching and Warming Up
- Target Heart Rate
- Temperature and Humidity, Effects on Exercise
- Women's Health, Effects of Exercise on
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Sports Injuries
- Acupuncture
- Ankle Support
- Arthroscopy
- Bracing
- Casting and Immobilization
- Complementary Treatment
- Crutches, How to Use
- Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
- Electrical Stimulation
- Electromyography
- Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy
- Fieldside Assessment and Triage
- Joint Injection
- Joints, Magnetic Resonance Imaging of
- Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
- Operating Room Equipment and Environment
- Orthotics
- Pain Management in Sports Medicine
- Pharmacology and Exercise
- Physical Examination and History
- Preparticipation Cardiovascular Screening
- Presports Physical Examination
- PRICE/MICE
- Taping
- Ultrasound
- Musculoskeletal Examination Techniques
- Diet and Nutrition
- Calcium in the Athlete's Diet
- Carbohydrates in the Athlete's Diet
- Dietary Supplements and Vitamins
- Fat in the Athlete's Diet
- Nutrition and Hydration
- Postgame Meal
- Pregame Meal
- Protein in the Athlete's Diet
- Salt in the Athlete's Diet
- Sports Drinks
- Vegetarianism and Exercise
- Weight Gain for Sports
- Weight Loss for Sports
- Doping and Performance Enhancement
- Alcohol and Exercise
- Anabolic Steroids
- Beta Agonists
- Beta Blockers
- Blood Transfusion
- Caffeine and Exercise
- Cannabinoids
- Creatine
- Diuretics
- Doping and Performance Enhancement: A New Definition
- Doping and Performance Enhancement: Historical Overview
- Doping and Performance Enhancement: Olympic Games From 2004 to 2008
- Erythropoietin
- Growth Hormone
- Narcotic Analgesics
- Peptide Hormones
- Performance Enhancement, Doping, Therapeutic Use Exemptions
- Stimulants
- World Anti-Doping Agency
- Exercise Physiology, Biomechanics, and Kinesiology
- Injuries and Disorders
- Altitude Sickness
- Athlete's Heart Syndrome
- Bursitis
- Catastrophic Injuries
- Clavicle (Collarbone) Fracture
- Cold Injuries and Hypothermia
- Contusions (Bruises)
- Cramping
- Cyst, Ganglion
- Dehydration
- Epicondylitis
- Exertional Compartment Syndrome, Chronic
- Fractures
- Handlebar Palsy
- Headache, Exercise-Induced
- Hyponatremia, Exercise-Associated
- Lightning Injuries
- Muscle Cramps
- Organ Injuries
- Pectoralis Strain
- Referred Pain
- Rhinitis, Exercise-Induced
- Side Stitch
- Sports Injuries, Acute
- Sports Injuries, Overuse
- Strains, Muscle
- Stress Fractures
- Sudden Cardiac Death
- Tendinitis, Tendinosis
- Tendinopathy
- Trigger Finger
- Trunk Injuries
- Abdomen
- Ankle
- Back and Lumbar Spine
- Back Injuries, Surgery for
- Cervical and Thoracic Fractures and Traumatic Instability
- Cervical Brachialgia
- Intervertebral Disk Disease
- Klippel-Feil Syndrome
- Lower Back Contusion
- Lower Back Injuries and Low Back Pain
- Lower Back Muscle Strain and Ligament Sprain
- Rhomboid Muscle Strain and Spasm
- Slipped Disk
- Spinal Cord Injury
- Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
- Cervical and Thoracic Spine
- Cervical and Thoracic Disk Disease
- Cervical and Thoracic Fractures and Traumatic Instability
- Cervical and Thoracic Spine Injuries
- Cervical Brachialgia
- Cervical Disk Degeneration
- Cervical Facet Syndrome
- Costosternal Syndrome (Costochondritis)
- Intervertebral Disk Disease
- Os Odontoideum
- Scheuermann Kyphosis
- Scoliosis
- Chest Wall
- Elbow and Forearm
- Biceps Tendinitis
- Biceps Tendon Rupture
- Elbow and Forearm Injuries
- Elbow and Forearm Injuries, Surgery for
- Elbow Bursitis
- Elbow Dislocations
- Elbow Fractures
- Elbow Sprain
- Elbow, Osteochondritis Dissecans of the
- Forearm Fracture
- Little League Elbow
- Medial Apophysitis of the Elbow
- Medial Epicondyle Avulsion Fractures of the Elbow
- Olecranon Stress Injury
- Panner Disease
- Posterior Impingement Syndrome
- Posterolateral Rotatory Instability
- Ulnar Neuropathy
- Foot
- Arch Pain
- Athlete's Foot
- Black Nail
- Blisters
- Bruised Foot
- Bunions
- Calluses
- Corns
- Foot and Ankle Injuries, Surgery for
- Foot Fracture
- Foot Injuries
- Foot Stress Fracture
- Hammertoe
- Ingrown Toenail
- Metatarsalgia
- Morton Neuroma
- Overpronating Foot
- Oversupinating Foot
- Plantar Fasciitis and Heel Spurs
- Retrocalcaneal Bursitis
- Sesamoiditis
- Sever Disease
- Turf Toe
- Warts (Verrucae)
- Hand and Finger
- Head and Neck
- Cervical Nerve Stretch Syndrome
- Concussion
- Craniofacial Injuries
- Dental Injuries
- Detached Retina
- Diffuse Axonal Injury
- Ear Infection, Outer (Otitis Externa)
- Ear Injuries
- Epidural Hematoma
- Eye Injuries
- Facial Injuries
- Head Injuries
- Intracerebral Hematoma
- Intracranial Hemorrhage
- Malignant Brain Edema Syndrome
- Neck and Upper Back Injuries
- Neck Spasm
- Nose Injuries
- Punch Drunk Syndrome
- Skull Fracture
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
- Subdural Hematoma
- Torticollis, Acute
- Hip, Pelvis, and Groin
- Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head
- Avulsion Fractures
- Femoral Neck Stress Fracture
- Femoroacetabular Impingement
- Genitourinary Injuries
- Gluteal Strain
- Groin Pain
- Groin Strain
- Groin Tendinitis
- Groin/Inguinal Hernia
- Hip Contusion
- Hip Dislocation
- Hip Flexor Strain
- Hip Flexor Tendinitis
- Hip Fracture
- Hip Stress Fracture
- Hip, Pelvis, and Groin Injuries
- Hip, Pelvis, and Groin Injuries, Surgery for
- Osteitis Pubis
- Pelvic Avulsion Fractures
- Pelvic Bursitis
- Pelvic Fracture
- Pelvic Stress Fracture
- Perineal Numbness and Erectile Dysfunction
- Piriformis Syndrome
- Sacroiliac Pain
- Sciatica
- Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
- Snapping Hip Syndrome
- Tailbone (Coccyx) Injuries
- Knee
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear
- Articular and Meniscal Cartilage Regeneration and Repair
- Chondromalacia Patella
- Cyst, Baker
- Discoid Meniscus
- Extensor Mechanism Injury
- Iliotibial Band Syndrome
- Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee
- Knee Bursitis
- Knee Injuries
- Knee Injuries, Surgery for
- Knee Ligament Sprain, Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments
- Knee Plica
- Knee, Osteochondritis Dissecans of the
- Kneecap, Subluxating
- Meniscus Injuries
- Osgood-Schlatter Disease
- Patellar Dislocation
- Patellar Tendinitis
- Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
- Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
- Quadriceps Tendinitis
- Tibial Tubercle Avulsion Fracture
- Lower Leg
- Shoulder
- Frozen Shoulder
- Glenoid Labrum Tear
- Little League Shoulder
- Rotator Cuff Tears, Partial
- Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy
- Shoulder Arthritis
- Shoulder Bursitis
- Shoulder Dislocation
- Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
- Shoulder Injuries
- Shoulder Injuries, Surgery for
- Shoulder Instability
- Shoulder Subluxation
- Superior Labrum From Anterior to Posterior (SLAP) Lesions
- Skin
- Abrasions and Lacerations
- Allergic Contact Dermatitis
- Angioedema and Anaphylaxis
- Athlete's Nodules
- Dermatology in Sports
- Friction Injuries to the Skin
- Frostbite and Frost Nip
- Fungal Skin Infections and Parasitic Infestations
- Insect Bites and Stings
- Irritant Contact Dermatitis
- Jock Itch
- Jogger's Nipples
- Pressure Injuries to the Skin
- Prickly Heat
- Puncture Wounds
- Skin Conditions in Wrestlers
- Skin Disorders, Metabolic
- Skin Infections, Bacterial
- Skin Infections, Viral
- Skin Infestations, Parasitic
- Sunburn
- Sunburn and Skin Cancers
- Toenail Fungus
- Urticaria and Pruritus
- Warts (Verrucae)
- Thigh
- Thorax
- Wrist
- Injury Prevention
- Medical Conditions Affecting Sports Participation
- Allergies
- Altitude Sickness
- Anaphylaxis, Exercise-Induced
- Anemia
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Arthritis
- Asthma
- Asthma, Exercise-Induced
- Atlantoaxial Instability
- Bleeding Disorders
- Bruised Ribs
- Burnout in Sports
- Cholinergic Urticaria
- Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
- Congenital Heart Disease
- Dehydration
- Detached Retina
- Diabetes in the Young Athlete
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Diarrhea
- Exercise and Heart Murmurs
- Exercise and Mitral Valve Prolapse
- Fever
- Functionally One-Eyed Athlete
- Gastrointestinal Problems
- Heat Illness
- Hepatitis
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
- Infectious Diseases in Sports Medicine
- Ingrown Toenail
- Jet Lag
- Liver Conditions, Hepatitis, Hepatomegaly
- Marfan Syndrome
- Neurologic Disorders Affecting Sports Participation
- Obesity
- Respiratory Conditions
- Seizure Disorder in Sports
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Sinusitis in Athletes
- Skin Disorders Affecting Sports Participation
- Anatomical Abnormalities
- Infectious Diseases
- Blood-Borne Infections
- Ear Infection, Outer (Otitis Externa)
- Epstein-Barr Virus, Infectious Mononucleosis, and Splenomegaly
- Fungal Skin Infections and Parasitic Infestations
- Hepatitis
- HIV and the Athlete
- Infectious Diseases in Sports Medicine
- Jock Itch
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infections
- Pulmonary and Cardiac Infections in Athletes
- Skin Conditions in Wrestlers
- Skin Infections, Bacterial
- Skin Infections, Viral
- Skin Infestations, Parasitic
- Toenail Fungus
- Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy
- Special Populations
- Specialties and Occupations in Sports Medicine
- Athletic Trainers
- Dietitian/Sports Nutritionist
- Emergency Medicine and Sports
- Exercise Physiologist
- Family Doctor
- Group Fitness Instructor
- Manual Medicine
- Orthopedist in Sports Medicine, Role of
- Physiatry and Sports Medicine
- Physical and Occupational Therapist
- Podiatric Sports Medicine
- Sport and Exercise Psychology
- Sports Biomechanist
- Sports Massage Therapist
- Team Physician
- Sport Psychology
- Anger and Violence in Sports
- Arousal and Athletic Performance
- Attention Focus in Sports
- Biofeedback
- Bulimia Nervosa
- Burnout in Sports
- Exercise Addiction/Overactivity Disorders
- Hypnosis and Sport Performance
- Imagery and Visualization
- Leadership in Sports
- Mental Health Benefits of Sports and Exercise
- Motivation
- Overtraining
- Personality and Exercise
- Psychological Aspects of Injury and Rehabilitation
- Psychological Assessment in Sports
- Sport and Exercise Psychology
- Sports Socialization
- Team and Group Dynamics in Sports
- Sports and Society
- Air Pollution, Effects on Exercise and Sports
- Anger and Violence in Sports
- Benefits of Exercise and Sports
- Diversity in Sports
- Doping and Performance Enhancement: A New Definition
- Doping and Performance Enhancement: Historical Overview
- Doping and Performance Enhancement: Olympic Games From 2004 to 2008
- Epidemiology of Sports Injuries
- Legal Aspects of Sports Medicine
- Protective Equipment in Sports
- Sports Injuries, Overuse
- Team and Group Dynamics in Sports
- Title IX, Education Amendments of 1972
- World Anti-Doping Agency
- Sports and Sports Medicine
- Air Pollution, Effects on Exercise and Sports
- Anatomy and Sports Medicine
- Benefits of Exercise and Sports
- Circadian Rhythms and Exercise
- Diversity in Sports
- Emergency Medicine and Sports
- Epidemiology of Sports Injuries
- Exercise and Disease Prevention
- Future Directions in Sports Medicine
- History of Sports Medicine
- Immune System, Exercise and
- Physical Examination and History
- Seasonal Rhythms and Exercise
- Shift Work and Exercise
- Skill Acquisition in Sports
- Sleep and Exercise
- Sleep Loss, Effects on Athletic Performance
- Sports Injuries, Surgery for
- Travel Medicine and the International Athlete
- Women's Health, Effects of Exercise on
- Organizations
- Issues for Practitioners
- Sports-Specific Injuries
- Aerobic Dance, Injuries in
- Archery, Injuries in
- Badminton, Injuries in
- Baseball, Injuries in
- Basketball, Injuries in
- Biking, Injuries in
- Boxing, Injuries in
- Cheerleading, Injuries in
- Cricket, Injuries in
- Dance Injuries and Dance Medicine
- Extreme Sports, Injuries in
- Field Hockey, Injuries in
- Figure Skating, Injuries in
- Football, Injuries in
- Golf, Injuries in
- Gymnastics, Injuries in
- Horse Riding, Injuries in
- Ice Hockey, Injuries in
- Karate, Injuries in
- Marathons, Injuries in
- Mixed Martial Arts, Injuries in
- Mountain Bike Racing, Injuries in
- Outdoor Athlete
- Racquetball and Squash, Injuries in
- Rowing, Injuries in
- Rugby Union, Injuries in
- Running Injuries
- Sailing and Yacht Racing, Injuries in
- SCUBA Diving, Injuries in
- Skiing, Injuries in
- Snowboarding, Injuries in
- Soccer, Injuries in
- Speed Skating, Injuries in
- Surfing, Injuries in
- Swimming, Injuries in
- Tennis and Racquet Sports, Injuries in
- Tennis Elbow
- Triathlons, Injuries in
- Ultimate Frisbee, Injuries in
- Volleyball, Injuries in
- Weight Lifting, Injuries in
- Windsurfing, Injuries in
- Wrestling, Injuries in
- Women and Sports
- Amenorrhea in Athletes
- Dysmenorrhea
- Eating Disorders
- Exercise During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Female Athlete
- Female Athlete Triad
- Gender and Age Differences in Response to Training
- Menstrual Cycle and Sports Performance
- Menstrual Irregularities
- Osteoporosis Prevention Through Exercise
- Title IX, Education Amendments of 1972
- Transsexual Athletes
- Women's Health, Effects of Exercise on
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