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Work Ethic
The simple act of going to work every day is an important part of all societies around the world. Through work, we build our self-identity and lifestyle and meet our aspirations. But it is not only having a job that is positive and beneficial; it is also fundamental how one carries out one's work. In this sense, a work ethic is an essential concept in any area of work (e.g., education, science, business, industry), and it is also important in all other spheres of life (e.g., family, hobbies, sports). Consequently, it is a fundamental concept in this encyclopedia, which aims to analyze different aspects of work from an interdisciplinary point of view.
It is possible to define a work ethic as a cultural norm that advocates being personally accountable and responsible for the work that one does and is based on the belief that work has intrinsic value. It is a concept strongly influenced by religion, politics, and history. Probably the most influential writing on work ethics comes from Max Weber in his book about the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. However, the source of the concept lies in the origin of work and in the way people think and feel about work. This entry explains the origin and meaning of the concept, the historical evolution of work and work ethics, the current importance, and the future challenges that may appear in a context of economic difficulties.
Definition
A work ethic is a set of values based on the moral virtues of hard work and diligence. This concept involves characteristics such as honesty (not lying, cheating, or stealing) and accountability. Essentially, a work ethic boils down to what one does or would do in a particular situation. The first decision is to choose between what is right and acceptable and what is wrong and unacceptable. Thus, doing a job well, valuing what one does, having a sense of purpose, and feeling part of a greater plan become vital to working well.
Much research has shown that the main characteristics of a work ethic can be summarized using three terms: interpersonal skills, initiative, and dependability. Other characteristics associated with this concept are reliability and the pursuit of new skills. On the Internet, it is possible to find a list of 10 steps toward a better work ethic: attendance and punctuality, character (honesty, reliability, self-discipline, self-responsibility), teamwork (respecting the rights of others, being a team worker, being cooperative, being assertive), good appearance, positive attitude and self-confidence, productivity, organizational skills, clear verbal and nonverbal communication, cooperation and good relationships, and respect for oneself and for other people.
In short, a work ethic includes not only how one thinks and feels about the job but also how one does that job. This involves attitude, behavior, respect, communication, and interaction. A person's work ethic reveals many things about who he/she is and his/her characteristics, both at work and at play. Roger B. Hill, in his Web page about work ethics, affirms that in sports, a work ethic is frequently mentioned as a characteristic of good players. It is clear that a work ethic is usually associated with people who work hard and well.
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- Digital and Computer Revolution: Reshaping Jobs and Workplaces
- Biotechnology
- Call Centers
- Computer Programmers
- Computer-Mediated Work
- Electronic Surveillance
- Engineers
- Film Industry Workers
- High-Tech and Internet Industry, Employment in
- Innovation
- Management Information Systems
- Management, Scientific
- Media Workers
- Networked Organizations
- Networks
- Occupations, Distribution of
- Open Source Movement
- Polarized Workforce
- Social Media
- Systems Analysts
- Telecommunications Workers
- Telework
- Training and Skill Acquisition
- Employment Relationships
- “Good” Employment Model, Rise and Erosion of
- At-Will Employment
- Boundaryless Careers
- Casual Labor and Informal Economy
- Contingent Work
- Contract Workers
- Contract, Employment (Common Law)
- Contracts
- Disappearing Work
- Employability
- Employee Participation
- Employee Stock Ownership Plans
- Employee Voice
- Employment Relationship
- Entrepreneurship
- Flexible Scheduling
- Franchises
- Freelancing
- Glass Cage
- Headhunters
- Japanese Transplants
- Job Security
- Job Sharing
- Job Tenure
- Labor Market Intermediaries
- Labor Markets, External
- Outsourcing and Subcontracting
- Risk Shift
- Self-Employment
- Seniority
- Teamwork
- Temporary Placement Agencies
- Temporary Work
- Turnover
- Undocumented Workers
- Walmart Employment Template
- Welfare-to-Work
- Everyday Life at Work
- Alienation
- Bureaucracy
- Corporate Closet
- Cubicles
- Deception
- Distractions, Online
- Dress Codes
- Drug Testing
- Dual-Career Couples
- Emotion
- Ethics
- Face Time
- Feeling Rules
- Game Playing
- Gossip
- Health and Safety
- Illness
- Meetings
- Office Artifacts
- Organizational Structure, New Forms of
- Power
- Productivity
- Project Management
- Resistance, Gendered and Racialized
- Social Interactions at Work
- Stress
- Subcultures
- Substance Abuse
- Violence, Workplace
- Work Overload
- Globalization and Cross-National Perspectives on Work
- Brazil
- Canada
- Child Labor
- China
- Factory Work, Globalization of
- France
- Germany
- Human Trafficking
- Immigrant Workers
- Importing Labor
- India
- Indonesia
- International Division of Labor
- Japan
- Labor Markets
- Logistics Revolution
- Market Fundamentalism
- Mexico
- Mothering, Transnational
- Multinational Corporations
- Singapore
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Sweden
- Inequality, Stratification, and Power at Work
- “Big Squeeze”
- “Blacks on the Bubble”
- “Doing Gender”
- Authority Gap
- Benefits
- Bodies
- Boundary Work
- Cognitive Biases
- Comparable Worth
- Control, Workplace
- Crime as Work
- Cultural Capital
- Disabled Workers
- Discouraged Workers
- Discrimination, Employment
- Discrimination: Institutional, Statistical, and Direct
- Displaced Workers
- Disposable Workers
- Diversity Programs
- Downward Mobility
- Education and Work
- Gatekeepers
- Gender Gap
- Gendered Organizations
- Glass Ceiling
- Glass Escalator
- Homophily
- Homosocial Reproduction
- Human Capital
- Human Relations Theory
- Ideal Worker
- Impression Management
- Income Inequality
- Inequality, Policies to Correct
- Invisible Work
- Job Quality
- Job Queues Theory
- Jobs, Marginal
- Labor Force Participation
- Labor Force Participation Rates
- Labor, Devaluation of
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Workers
- Life Course
- Men in Women's Jobs
- Minimum-Wage and Low-Wage Jobs
- Mobility Mechanisms
- Moonlighting
- Occupational Segregation by Gender and Race
- Organizational Wage Inequality
- Poverty
- Precarious Labor
- Revolving Door Theory
- Sex Typing
- Sexual Harassment
- Sexuality
- Social Capital
- Sticky Floor
- Sweatshops
- Tokenism
- Underemployed Workers
- Unemployment
- Whistleblowing
- White-Collar Crime
- White-Collar Sweatshop
- Women in Men's Jobs
- Workforce Development
- Working Poor
- Labor Movement and Other Forms of Collective Action
- Boycotts, Consumer
- Collective Bargaining
- Eight-Hour Day
- Government Regulation of Employment, U.S.
- Human Rights Campaigns
- Immigrants, Organizing
- Labor Law
- Living Wage Campaign
- Moral Underground
- Organized Labor
- Organized Labor, Cross-National Perspective
- Social Responsibility, Corporate
- Social Support Programs
- Strategies, New Organizing
- Strikes and Protests
- Students against Sweatshops
- Union and Community Partnerships
- Union Membership, Benefits of
- Unionism, Public Sector
- Unionism, Social Movement
- Unionized Professionals
- Unions
- Unions, Craft
- Unions, Gender and Race in
- United Students for Fair Trade
- Weekend
- Worker Centers
- Occupations and Professions, Labor Processes, Jobs, and Careers
- “Fun” Workplaces
- Assembly
- Blue-Collar Jobs
- Brown-Collar Jobs
- Care Work
- Career Ladders
- Clerical Work
- Cool Industries
- Craft Work
- Creative Class
- Day Labor
- Dead-End Jobs
- Deskilling and Upgrading
- Direct Sales Work
- Dirty Work
- Domestic Work, Paid
- Emotional Labor
- Entry-Level Work
- Facebook as Labor
- Feminization of Work
- Health Care Professions
- Information Technology Workers
- Job Creation
- Jobs and Careers
- Knowledge Workers
- Labor, Aesthetic
- Managers
- Manufacturing
- Military
- Nonprofits
- Nonstandard Work
- Occupations and Professions
- Part-Time Work
- Pink Collar
- Professional Work
- Professionalization
- Retail Employment
- Semiprofessionals
- Service Work
- Sex Work
- Skilled Work
- Small Business
- Soft Skills
- Supervisors
- Symbolic Analysts
- Tacit Skills
- Teen Employment
- Tipping
- Unskilled Work
- Wall Street Jobs
- White Collar
- Theories of Work and Economy Key Concepts
- “Good” Jobs and “Bad” Jobs
- “McDonaldization”
- “New Economy”
- “Prosumer”
- 24/7 Economy
- Alternative Organizations and Cooperatives
- Bell, Daniel
- Bendix, Reinhard
- Bourdieu, Pierre
- Braverman, Harry
- Burawoy, Michael
- Command Economies
- Dual Labor Markets
- Durkheim, Émile
- Edwards, Richard
- End of Work
- Feminist Theories of Work
- Firms
- Fordism and Post-Fordism
- Foucault, Michel
- Globalization
- Goffman, Erving
- Granovetter, Mark
- Hochschild, Arlie
- Human Resources
- Internal Labor Markets
- Kanter, Rosabeth Moss
- Markets and Economies
- Marx, Karl
- Mergers and Acquisitions
- Neoliberalism
- Personnel Professionals
- Postbureaucratic Organizations
- Postindustrial Society
- Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism
- Restructuring, Corporate
- Right-to-Work
- Smith, Adam
- Starbucks Employment Model
- Technology
- Weber, Max
- Work Redesign
- Work, Definitional
- Unpaid Work
- Work and Identity, Social Psychology of Work
- “Organization Man”
- Consumption
- Culture, Employment
- Culture, Workplace
- Dignity
- Free Agents
- Gendered Work Identities
- Identity at Work
- Job Satisfaction
- Leisure
- Lifestyle Work
- Loyalty
- Meaning
- Motivation
- Overqualified and Overeducated
- Personality
- Race and Ethnic Groups
- Terkel, Studs
- Values
- Women's and Men's Employment, Temporal Dimensions of
- Work Ethic
- Work, Family, and Personal Life
- “Unfinished Revolution”
- Boundaries between Home and Market, Blurred
- Career Mystique
- Child Care
- Class and Families
- Computer Widows and Orphans
- Elder Care
- Family-Responsive Corporations
- Family-Supportive State and Federal Policies
- Fathers at Home
- Home Production
- Households, Changing Demographic Composition of
- Housework
- Male Model of Career
- Motherhood Penalty and Daddy Bonus
- Mothering, Ideologies of
- Opting Out
- Overwork
- Retirement
- Second Shift
- Stay-at-Home Mothers
- Work Spillover
- Work/Life Balance
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