Juvenile Institutionalization, Effects of

Types of Juvenile Institutions

Out-of-home placement options for juvenile offenders typically include a variety of public and private residential facilities, such as group homes, wilderness programs, boot camps, and training schools, operating under differing therapeutic approaches but sharing the [Page 520]common goal of rehabilitation. Generally, when authorities determine that institutionalization is necessary, juveniles are sent to training schools. These facilities, either secure or semi-secure, often appear physically similar to a public school, although some look more like an adult facility. Perimeter security is likely, although these facilities typically have a higher offender-to-staff ratio than adult facilities. Approximately 400 long-term secure facilities, mostly state run, exist for juveniles in the United States. Training schools typically house about 50 juveniles, although the larger ones can hold between 100 and 500 residents. Juveniles in these facilities typically have access to a number of treatment options, such as GED (general equivalency diploma) classes, a variety of counseling and vocational training programs, and peer group activities.

Negative Outcomes of Institutionalization

Many believe that juvenile institutionalization has a negative effect on juveniles and may in fact increase recidivism (future involvement in criminal behavior). While incarcerated, juvenile offenders interact with other delinquents, allowing them the opportunity to acquire and hone criminal skills, thereby fostering delinquent values and beliefs. Criminologists find that this bringing together of delinquent youth tends to increase delinquent acts, a process called “peer deviancy training.”

Incarcerated juveniles may recidivate at a higher rate than those treated in a nonsecure, community-based setting. Additionally, incarceration may increase the probability of a multitude of problems, such as physical injury while confined, mental health issues, and lower levels of educational achievement than for those treated within the community. Many juvenile offenders have learning disabilities and find it difficult to attain educational success once they are released. Furthermore, after release many find it difficult to obtain gainful employment as well, making them more susceptible to criminal activity to achieve economic goals.

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