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Anti-Globalization Movement
The anti-globalization movement is a broad-based popular struggle involving workers, environmentalists, youths, peasants, the urban poor, indigenous people, and other actors across the developing and industrialized worlds striving for social and economic justice and greater democratic control over their daily lives. Activists come from diverse spheres, including nongovernmental organizations, political parties, trade unions, mass movements, informal networks and collectives, and revolutionary fronts. Moreover, anti-globalization activists combine diverse forms of action, including nonviolent civil disobedience, marches and rallies, public education, and lobbying. With this movement perhaps more aptly known as the global justice movement, participants do not oppose globalization per se, but rather corporate globalization, or the extension of corporate power around the world, undermining local communities, democracy, and the environment. The movement addresses the root causes of various social problems linked to free-market capitalism, including poverty, inequality, social dislocation, hunger, poor health, and ecological destruction.
Background
Over the past several decades national governments and multilateral institutions, such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Trade Organization (WTO), have implemented free-market policies such as privatization, trade liberalization, deregulation, export-oriented production, and cuts in social spending and basic subsidies. These neoliberal measures have brought new regions into the global economy, while transforming social rights, such as health care and education, into commodities. Although some areas and groups have benefited, for many others the results have been disastrous, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. During the 1990s, for example, the number of people living in poverty around the globe increased by 100 million, even as world income grew 2.5 percent per year, while more than 80 countries had per capita incomes lower than the previous decade.
Over the past 10 years, corporate globalization has faced increasing opposition. Building on previous IMF food riots, grassroots mobilizations against the World Bank, anti-free trade campaigns, radical ecology and squatter movements, anti-sweatshop activism, the Zapatistas, and solidarity struggles, anti-globalization activists have built broad-based networks for social and economic justice. The movement burst onto the public radar screen in Seattle, where 50,000 protesters shut down the WTO Summit on November 30, 1999. Counter-summit actions soon spread around the world, including blockades against the World Bank/IMF meetings in Prague in September 2000 and the Free Trade Area of the Americas Summit in Quebec City in April 2001. Protests reached an explosive crescendo with violent clashes in Gothenburg, Barcelona, and Genoa in summer 2001. Since then, activist focus has shifted toward world and regional social forums, as tens of thousands have converged at mass gatherings in cities such as Porto Alegre, Mumbai, Quito, Florence, Paris, and London to discuss alternatives to corporate globalization.
New Information and Communication Technologies
The anti-globalization movement is characterized by the innovative use of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) to organize actions, share information and resources, and plan and coordinate activities. Although activists primarily employ e-mail and electronic listservs, during mobilizations they also create temporary Web sites that provide contact lists, information, and resources; post calls to action and other documents; and house discussion forums and real-time chat rooms. Particular networks also have their own Web pages, where activists can post reflections, analyses, updates, links, and logistical information. Interactive Web sites offering multiple tools for coordination are increasingly popular, including open publishing projects such as Indymedia, which allow users to freely post news and information without editorial selection and control.
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- Aging and the Life Course
- Community, Culture, and Change
- Communitarianism
- Community
- Cults
- Cultural Capital
- Cultural Diffusion
- Cultural Imperialism
- Cultural Lag
- Cultural Relativism
- Cultural Values
- Culture of Dependency
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- Culture Shock
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- Prisons, Privatization
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- Reasonable Suspicion
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- Sweatshop
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- Theft
- Three Strikes Laws
- Torture
- Total Institution
- Twelve-Step Programs
- Uniform Crime Report
- Victim-Offender Mediation Model
- Victimization
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- Vigilantism
- Violence
- Violence, Collective
- Violence, Sexual
- Violent Crime
- War Crimes
- Zero-Tolerance Policies
- Economics and Work
- Alienation
- Anomie
- Anti-Globalization Movement
- Automation
- Bankruptcy, Business
- Bankruptcy, Personal
- Budget Deficits, U.S.
- Bureaucracy
- Burnout
- Capital Flight
- Conglomerates
- Conspicuous Consumption
- Contingent Work
- Corporate State
- Culture of Dependency
- Culture of Poverty
- Current Account Deficit
- Debt Service
- Deindustrialization
- Dependency Ratio
- Deregulation
- Downsizing
- Economic Development
- Economic Restructuring
- Evaluation Research
- Gini Coefficient
- Global Economy
- Globalization
- Income Disparity
- Inflation
- Intergenerational Mobility
- Interlocking Directorates
- Job Satisfaction
- Labor Force Participation Rate
- Labor Market
- Labor Movement
- Labor Sectors
- Labor Unions
- Labor, Child
- Labor, Division of
- Literacy, Economic
- Living Wage
- Megamergers
- Military-Industrial Complex
- Mixed Economy
- Mommy Track
- Monopolies
- Multinational Corporations
- Occupational Safety and Health
- Oligarchy
- Oligopoly
- Outsourcing
- Pensions and Social Security
- Pink-Collar Occupations
- Postindustrialism
- Scientific Management
- Second Shift
- Segregation, Occupational
- Service Economy
- Skills Mismatch
- Social Capital
- Socialism
- Split Labor Market
- Sweatshop
- Taylorism
- Trickle-Down Economics
- Underclass Debate
- Underemployment
- Underground Economy
- Unemployment
- Wage Gap
- Wealth Disparities
- Wealth, U.S. Consumer
- World-Systems Analysis
- Education
- Brown v. Board of Education
- Ability Grouping
- Academic Standards
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Basic Skills Testing
- Bilingual Education
- Bullying
- Charter Schools
- Class
- Digital Divide
- Disability and Disabled
- Education, Academic Performance
- Education, Inner-City Schools
- Education, Policy and Politics
- Education, School Privatization
- Education, Silencing
- Education, Special Needs Children
- Educational Equity
- English as a Second Language
- Evaluation Research
- Grade Inflation
- Hidden Curriculum
- Illiteracy, Adult in Developed Nations
- Illiteracy, Adult in Developing Nations
- IQ Testing
- Labeling Theory
- Learning Disorders
- Life Chances
- Literacy, Adult
- Magnet Schools
- Minimum Competency Test
- Nature-Nurture Debate
- No Child Left Behind Act
- Oppositional Culture Theory
- Plagiarism
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- School Dropouts
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- Boomerang Generation
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- Extramarital Sex
- Family
- Family Leave Act
- Family Reunification
- Family, Blended
- Family, Dysfunctional
- Family, Extended
- Family, Nuclear
- Fathers' Rights Movement
- Foster Care
- Foster Children, Aging Out
- Intermarriage
- Missing Children
- Mommy Track
- Premarital Sex
- Runaways
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- Sandwich Generation
- Second Shift
- Single Mothers
- Teenage Pregnancy and Parenting
- Transition Living
- Transnational Families
- Gender Inequality and Sexual Orientation
- Adoption, Gay and Lesbian
- Bisexuality
- Body Image
- Comparable Worth
- Feminism
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- Feminization of Poverty
- Gender Identity and Socialization
- Gini Coefficient
- Glass Ceiling
- Homophobia
- Homosexuality
- Hostile Environment
- Income Disparity
- Inequality
- Mommy Track
- Same-Sex Marriage
- Second Shift
- Segregation, Gender
- Standpoint Theory
- Stratification, Gender
- Transgender and Transsexuality
- Wage Gap
- Women's Rights Movement
- Health
- Accidents, Automobile
- Alcoholism
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Bioethics
- Chronic Diseases
- Codependency
- Deinstitutionalization
- Dementia
- Disability and Disabled
- Eating Disorders
- Epidemics, Management of
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- Euthanasia
- Famine
- Genetic Engineering
- Genetic Theories
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- Health Care, Access
- Health Care, Costs
- Health Care, Ideological Barriers to Change
- Health Care, Insurance
- Hospices
- Learning Disorders
- Life Expectancy
- Managed Care
- Medicaid
- Medical Malpractice
- Medical-Industrial Complex
- Medicalization
- Medicare
- Mental Depression
- Mental Health
- Neuroses
- Nursing Home Care
- Obesity
- Pandemics
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Psychopath
- Psychoses
- Secondhand Smoke
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Smoking
- Socialized Medicine
- Sociopath
- Stressors
- Suicide
- Total Institution
- Twelve-Step Programs
- Vegetarian Movement
- Housing and Urbanization
- Capital Flight
- Economic Restructuring
- Edge Cities
- Gentrification
- Housing
- Inner City
- Inner-Ring Suburb
- Invasion-Succession
- Mass Transit
- Megacities
- Megalopolis
- Political Fragmentation
- Postindustrialism
- Segregation, Residential
- Service Economy
- Traffic Congestion
- Urban Decline
- Urban Infrastructure
- Urban Renewal
- Urban Sprawl
- Urban Underclass
- Urbanization
- White Flight
- Politics, Power, and War
- Arms Control
- Citizen Militias
- Citizenship
- Civil Rights
- Claims Making
- Collateral Damage
- Collective Consciousness
- Colonialism
- Conflict Resolution
- Conservative Approaches
- Corruption
- Culture Wars
- Demilitarization
- Democracy
- Eminent Domain
- False Consciousness
- Gerrymandering
- Groupthink
- Hegemony
- Human Rights
- Identity Politics
- Imperialism
- Mediation
- Militarism
- Moral Entrepreneurs
- Nation Building
- Nuclear Proliferation
- PATRIOT Act
- Peacekeeping
- Political Action Committees
- Political Fragmentation
- Politics and Christianity
- Power
- Power Elite
- Propaganda
- Public Opinion
- Public-Private Dichotomy
- Redistricting, Congressional Districts
- Segregation, De Jure
- Situation Ethics
- Social Control
- Special Interest Groups
- Surveillance
- Terrorism
- Terrorism, Counterterrorism Approaches
- Terrorism, Domestic Spying
- Think Tanks
- Totalitarianism
- Voter Apathy
- War
- War Crimes
- Population and Environment
- Acid Rain
- Baby Boomers
- Birth Rate
- Contraception
- Deforestation
- Demographic Transition Theory
- Desertification
- Disasters
- Ecosystem
- Environment, Eco-Warriors
- Environment, Hazardous Waste
- Environment, Pollution
- Environment, Runoff and Eutrophication
- Environment, Sewage Disposal
- Environmental Crime
- Environmental Degradation
- Environmental Hazards
- Environmental Justice
- Environmental Movement
- Environmental Racism
- Erosion
- Extinction
- Fertility
- Global Warming
- Infant Mortality
- Mortality Rate
- Neo-Malthusians
- NIMBYism
- Nonrenewable Resources
- Ozone
- Population Growth
- Population, Graying of
- Social Movements
- Sustainable Development
- Total Fertility Rate
- Toxic Waste
- Urbanization
- Water Organization
- Water Quality
- Water Resources
- Zero Population Growth
- Poverty and Social Class
- Aid to Families with Dependent Children
- Class
- Class Consciousness
- Codependency
- Evaluation Research
- Feminization of Poverty
- Food Insecurity and Hunger
- Gini Coefficient
- Hierarchy of Needs
- Homelessness
- Homelessness, Youth
- Housing
- Income Disparity
- Inequality
- Living Wage
- Means-Tested Programs
- Medicaid
- Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
- Poverty
- Poverty, Children Worldwide
- Relative Deprivation
- Single Mothers
- Socioeconomic Status
- Stratification, Social
- Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
- Trickle-Down Economics
- Underclass Debate
- Underemployment
- Unemployment
- Wealth Disparities
- Welfare
- Welfare Capitalism
- Welfare States
- Working Poor
- Race and Ethnic Relations
- Brown v. Board of Education
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- Acculturation
- Adoption, Transracial
- Affirmative Action
- Afrocentricity
- American Dream
- Americanization
- Anti-Semitism
- Apartheid
- Assimilation
- Asylum
- Backlash
- Bereavement, Effect by Race
- Bilingual Education
- Biracial
- Black Codes
- Black Nationalism
- Black Power Movement
- Blaming the Victim
- Bootstrap Theory
- Bracero Program
- Chicano Movement
- Cultural Capital
- Cultural Diffusion
- Cultural Imperialism
- Cultural Relativism
- Cultural Values
- Culture Shock
- Deportation
- Dillingham Flaw
- Discrimination
- Discrimination, Institutional
- English as a Second Language
- English-Only Movement
- Equal Protection
- Ethnic Cleansing
- Ethnic Group
- Ethnicity
- Ethnocentrism
- Ethnomethodology
- Genocide
- Hate Crimes
- Hate Groups
- Hate Speech
- HIV/AIDS, Reaching High-Risk Populations
- Holocaust
- Hypersegregation
- Identity Politics
- Immigration
- Immigration, United States
- Income Disparity
- Index of Dissimilarity
- Inequality
- Infant Mortality
- Intermarriage
- Internal Colonialism
- Islam and Modernity
- Jim Crow
- Labeling Theory
- Labor, Migrant
- Life Chances
- Lynching
- Marginality
- Melting Pot
- Middleman Minority
- Migration, Global
- Minority Group
- Miscegenation
- Multiculturalism
- Multiracial Identity
- Native Americans, Cultural Degradation
- Native Americans, Reservation Life
- Nativism
- Nature-Nurture Debate
- One-Drop Rule
- Oppositional Culture Theory
- Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
- Personhood, Evolving Notions of
- Pluralism
- Politics and Christianity
- Prejudice
- Race
- Race-Blind Policies
- Racial Formation Theory
- Racial Profiling
- Racism
- Redlining
- Refugees
- Religion and Conflict
- Religion and Politics
- Religion, Civil
- Religious Extremism
- Religious Holidays as Social Problems
- Religious Prejudice
- Reparations
- Repatriation
- Resettlement
- Sanctuary Movement
- Scapegoating
- Segmented Assimilation
- Segregation
- Segregation, De Facto
- Segregation, De Jure
- Segregation, Residential
- Slavery
- Social Distance
- Social Exclusion
- Split Labor Market
- Stereotyping
- Stratification, Gender
- Stratification, Race
- Stratification, Social
- Transnational Families
- Underground Economy
- Undocumented Immigrants
- White Flight
- White Supremacy
- Xenophobia
- Social Movements
- Anti-Globalization Movement
- Black Power Movement
- Chicano Movement
- Countermovements
- Environmental Movement
- Fathers'Rights Movement
- Labor Movement
- Prohibition
- Resource Mobilization
- Sanctuary Movement
- Social Movements
- Social Revolutions
- Temperance Movement
- Transnational Activism
- Transnational Social Movement
- Vegetarian Movement
- Women's Rights Movement
- Social Theory
- Activity Theory
- Bootstrap Theory
- Conflict Perspective
- Demographic Transition Theory
- Differential Association
- Disengagement Theory
- False Consciousness
- Feminist Theory
- Labeling Theory
- Modernization Theory
- Oppositional Culture Theory
- Postmodernism
- Queer Theory
- Racial Formation Theory
- Rational Choice Theory
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Social Bond Theory
- Social Constructionist Theory
- Split Labor Market
- Standpoint Theory
- Strain Theory
- Theory
- Substance Abuse
- Accidents, Automobile
- Addiction
- Alcoholism
- Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
- Binge Drinking
- Club Drugs
- Cocaine and Crack
- Codependency
- Decriminalization
- Deterrence Programs
- Deviance
- Drug Abuse
- Drug Abuse, Crime
- Drug Abuse, Prescription Narcotics
- Drug Abuse, Sports
- Drug Subculture
- Drunk Driving
- Evaluation Research
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Fetal Narcotic Syndrome
- Gateway Drugs
- Harm Reduction Drug Policy
- Heroin
- Labeling Theory
- Marijuana
- Methadone
- Prohibition
- Psychoactive Drugs, Misuse of
- Rehabilitation
- Stigma
- Temperance Movement
- Therapeutic Communities
- Twelve-Step Programs
- Zero-Tolerance Policies
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