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Introduction

More families go through divorce and break-up than ever before. Parents are faced with critical decisions, and children are influenced by the dramatic changes in their families. In such a crisis, the child's natural support system may not always address his/her best interests. One outcome of this situation is an increasing need for diagnostic and therapeutic involvement, best executed by a multidisciplinary team.

Relevant Facts

The marked increase in the recent rate of divorce has brought about an increase in the number of children being raised in non-traditional families: blended families (Arda, 1994), father-headed households (Cohen, 1995), and families in which unmarried parents raise their children on their own, accompanied by steady or changing partners. Children are being raised within or outside the nucleus family and are impacted by social mobility and immigration. Concomitantly we see a significant decrease in the influence of religion, family values, and social values, resulting in a lack of traditional regulations and guidelines.

General Guidelines for Custody Assessment

The purpose of assessment is to reach a recommendation that will stand in court and serve as a basis for a long-lasting arrangement, taking into account the changing needs of each family member and those of the family as a system. This resulting recommendation may have a deep, sometimes irreversible, effect on the lives of all concerned, especially children. The experts who make these recommendations carry a heavy responsibility.

Despite the variety of opinions, most Western professionals and courts have agreed upon several criteria regarding child custody (APA, 1994; Miller, 1993; Wall & Amadio, 1994; Goldstein, Freud & Solnit, 1979; Kaslow & Schwartz, 1987). The guiding principle is the best interest of the child, a difficult endeavour when the authentic details are overshadowed by crisis. The following general guidelines should be followed.

Security and Consistency

Preference for an environment that will ensure consistent living conditions, security, and protection.

The Least Harmful Choice

Where there is no optimal solution, select the option least damaging to the child.

The Child's Relationship with the Non-Custodial Parent and his Family

The parent willing to allow this contact is usually considered the preferable choice, as this willingness is regarded as a manifestation of sensitivity and respect to the needs of the child.

These guidelines concur with distinct legal criteria defining relevant legal aspects such as natural guardianship, requisition of the rights of natural guardians (sending the child to a foster home and adoption), economic and physical responsibility, and definition of children at risk.

The court, as the ‘client’ of the custody assessment, expects recommendations based on accepted and admissible legal tools and data-backed findings. Data gathering must be responsible, professional, and authorized. The recommendations must be adaptable to the changing developmental needs of each individual separately and those of the family as a whole. These recommendations should be long enduring and applicable until the family is able to change the circumstances on its own or with their consent. The recommendations refer to the flexibility and the maturity of each family member and the family as a whole, their ability to change, develop, and be sensitive as well as respect the individual's needs. These widely accepted guidelines serve as a very general framework. Adhering to them enables the experts to work with a certain degree of unity.

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