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Homosexual Prisoners
Current demographic estimates figure that approximately 3% to 9% of the general U.S. population are gay. Similar numbers are thought to live in the nation's penal system. As a result, at any given moment, there are believed to be anywhere from 60,000 to 180,000 gays being detained in U.S. prisons and jails. Though no longer subject to the harsh sodomy laws of the past, these men remain targets of discrimination, hate crimes, and sexual assault, inside and outside prison walls.
Incarcerating Homosexuals
Until recently, sexual acts considered to be particularly associated with homosexuality have been against the law in many states. In Oklahoma, for example, persons found guilty of engaging in sodomy faced a maximum prison sentence of 20 years. This law and others like it tended to discriminate against gays as heterosexuals engaging in the same activity were rarely punished. This disparity continued until the landmark case Lawrence and Garner v. Texas (2003), in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 that sodomy laws were unconstitutional.
Gender Roles
Within single-sex environments such as prisons, normative gender role systems become complicated. For instance, because women are not housed with male prisoners, traditional divisions of gender do not exist there. Instead, interaction between inmates serves to establish a unique cultural hierarchy based on gender roles rather than gender itself. Researchers have attempted to understand the existing gender role system in prisons and to ascribe meaning to three specific observed roles. The roles of “men,” “queens,” and “punks” serve to stratify inmates into a power structure that is partly based on perceived gender roles from outside the institutional setting.
Men, Queens, and Punks
The majority of male prisoners are classified as “men,” meaning that they uphold most traditional norms of masculinity. Regardless of their behavior, most other inmates and guards do not consider them to be homosexual. Most “men” exhibit heterosexual behavioral patterns before and after incarceration and it is only within the confines of the penal system that they may act out what outwardly appear to be homosexual acts. Conversely, “queens,” also known as “bitches” or “ladies,” are homosexuals whose behavioral patterns inside prison are similar to their actions on the outside. Within the prison subculture, they are essentially considered to be females and are strictly receptive in terms of penetrative sex.
“Queens” are generally submissive to the “men,” and are usually not allowed to hold positions of obvious social power. In many correctional facilities, queens are systematically separated from the rest of the population to protect them from violent attacks and to reduce the occurrence of sexual activity and assault. This partitioning sometimes leads to discrimination against queens, and they are often denied inmate privileges, such as library and yard exercise rights. Effeminate gay men who enter the prison system are often pressured to assume a role because overt homosexuality is believed to be socially unacceptable. However, men are able to exist as openly gay without having to subscribe to these specific gendered identities. A small percentage of homosexuals pass as “men” by assimilating into this dominant subculture.
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- Authors
- Angela Y. Davis
- Anthony Platt
- Cesare Beccaria
- Constitutive Penology
- Convict Criminology
- David Garland
- David Rothman
- Donald Clemmer
- Elizabeth Frye
- George Jackson
- Gresham Sykes
- Jack Henry Abbott
- Jeremy Bentham
- Jerome Miller
- John Howard
- John Irwin
- John J. DiIulio, Jr.
- Meda Chesney-Lind
- Michel Foucault
- Nicole Hahn Rafter
- Norval Ramsden Morris
- Robert Martinson
- Rose Giallombardo
- Health
- History
- Alcatraz
- Alexander Maconochie
- Attica Correctional Facility
- Auburn System
- Bedford Hills Correctional Facility
- Bridewell Prison and Workhouse
- Cesare Beccaria
- Convict Lease System
- Dorothea Dix
- Elmira Reformatory
- History of Correctional Officers
- History of Prisons
- History of Religion in Prison
- History of Women's Prisons
- Irish (or Crofton) System
- Jeremy Bentham
- Josephine Shaw Lowell
- Juvenile Reformatories
- Katharine Bement Davis
- Labor
- Mabel Walker Willebrant
- Massachusetts Reformatory
- Medical Experiments
- Panopticon
- Parchman Farm, Mississippi State Penitentiary
- Pennsylvania Prison Society
- Pennsylvania System
- Plantation Prisons
- Prison Ships
- Slavery
- Zebulon Reed Brockway
- Inmates
- Institutions
- ADX (Administrative Maximum): Florence
- Alcatraz
- Alderson, Federal Prison Camp
- Angola Penitentiary
- Attica Correctional Facility
- Auburn Correctional Facility
- Bedford Hills Correctional Facility
- Bridewell Prison and Workhouse
- Co-correctional Facilities
- Community Corrections Centers
- Corcoran, California State Prison
- Eastern State Penitentiary
- Elmira Reformatory
- Framingham, MCI
- Huntsville Penitentiary
- INS Detention Facilities
- Leavenworth, U.S. Penitentiary
- Lexington High Security Unit
- Marion, U.S. Penitentiary
- Massachusetts Reformatory
- New Maxico Penitentiary
- Newgate Prison
- Norfolk Prison
- Oak Park Heights, Minnesota Correctional Facility
- Panopticon
- Parchman Farm, Mississippi State Penitentiary
- Patuxent Institution
- Pelican Bay State Prison
- Rikers Island Jail
- San Quentin State Prison
- Sing Sing Correctional Facility
- Stateville Correctional Center
- Terre Haute U.S. Penitentiary Death Row
- Walla Walla Washington State Penitentiary
- Walnut Street Jail
- Juvenile Justice
- Anthony Platt
- Boot Camp
- Child Savers
- Children
- Cook County, Illinois
- Detained Youth and Committed Youth
- Group Homes
- Jerome G. Miller
- Juvenile Death Penalty
- Juvenile Detention Centers
- Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
- Juvenile Justice System
- Juvenile Offenders: Race, Class, and Gender
- Juvenile Reformatories
- Meda Chesney-Lind
- Mens Rea
- Parens Patriae
- Patuxent Institution
- Status Offenders
- Waiver of Juveniles Into the Adult Court System
- Youth Corrections Act
- Labor
- Penal Systems
- Australia
- Bureau of Justice Statistics
- Canada
- Co-correctional Facilities
- Community Corrections Centers
- District of Columbia Corrections System
- England and Wales
- Federal Prison System
- High-Rise Prisons
- INS Detention Facilities
- Irish (or Crofton) System
- Jails
- Juvenile Justice System
- Lockup
- Military Prisons
- New Zealand
- Prison Ships
- Prisoner of War Camps
- Relocation Centers
- Slavery
- State Prison System
- Supermax Prisons
- Women's Prisons
- Prison Architecture
- Prison Life
- Argot
- Cell Search
- Chaplains
- Children's Visits
- Commissary
- Conjugal Visits
- Contact Visits
- Contract Ministers
- Convict Criminology
- Deprivation
- Food
- Gangs
- Hip Hop
- Homosexual Relationships
- Hooch
- Importation
- Inmate Code
- Inmate Volunteers
- Islam in Prison
- Jailhouse Lawyers
- Judaism in Prison
- Lawyer's Visits
- Lesbian Relationships
- Parenting Programs
- Prison Culture
- Prison Literature
- Prison Movies
- Prison Music
- Prison Nurseries
- Prisoner Pay
- Rape
- Resistance
- Riots
- Santería
- Satanism
- Sex—Consensual
- Sexual Relations With Staff
- Snitch
- Strip Search
- Tattooing
- Termination of Parental Rights
- Trustee
- Violence
- Visits
- Prison Population
- African American Prisoners
- Aryan Brotherhood
- Aryan Nations
- Asian American Prisoners
- Bisexual Prisoners
- Black Panther Party
- Bloods
- Celebrities in Prison
- Children
- Crips
- Cuban Detainees
- Disabled Prisoners
- Draft Resisters
- Drug Offenders
- Elderly Prisoners
- Enemy Combatants
- Fathers in Prison
- Foreign Nationals
- Hispanic/Latino(a) Prisoners
- Homosexual Prisoners
- Immigrants/Illegal Aliens
- Increase in Prison Population
- Juvenile Offenders: Race, Class, and Gender
- Lesbian Prisoners
- Lifer
- Mothers in Prison
- Native American Prisoners
- Overcrowding
- Political Prisoners
- Politicians
- Puerto Rican Nationalists
- Race, Class, and Gender of Prisoners
- Sex Offenders
- Status Offenders
- Transgender and Transsexual Prisoners
- WITSEC
- Wives of Prisoners
- Women Prisoners
- Young Lords
- Prison Reform
- “Stop Prisoner Rape”
- Abolition
- Activism
- American Civil Liberties Union
- Angela Y. Davis
- Attica Brothers Defense Fund
- Benjamin Rush
- Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants
- Critical Resistance
- Dorothea Lynde Dix
- Elizabeth Fry
- Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
- Faith-Based Initiatives
- Families Against Mandatory Minimums
- Fay Honey Knopp
- Felon Disenfranchisement
- George Jackson
- Hospice
- John Howard
- Kate Richards O'Hare
- Miriam Van Waters
- National Prison Project
- November Coalition
- Pennsylvania Prison Society
- Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons
- Prison Monitoring Organizations
- Quakers
- Women's Advocate Ministry
- Privatization
- Programs
- Accreditation
- Adult Continuing Education
- Alcohol Treatment Programs
- Alcoholics Anonymous
- Art Programs
- Bedford Hills Correctional Facility
- Bureau of Justice Statistics
- Chaplains
- College Courses in Prison
- Creative Writing Programs
- Deathwatch
- Drama Programs
- Drug Treatment Programs
- Education
- English as a Second Language
- Furlough
- General Educational Development (GED) Exam and General Equivalency Diploma
- Group Therapy
- Individual Therapy
- Music Programs in Prison
- Narcotics Anonymous
- Parenting Programs
- Pell Grants
- Prerelease Programs
- Psychological Services
- Recreation Programs
- Religion in Prison
- Sex Offender Programs
- Therapeutic Communities
- Vocational Training Programs
- Work-Release Programs
- Race, Class, and Gender
- Security and Classification
- Accreditation
- ADX (Administrative Maximum): Florence
- Civil Commitment of Sexual Predators
- Classification
- Clemency
- Community Corrections Centers
- Compassionate Release
- Contraband
- Electronic Monitoring
- Escapes
- Gangs
- Good Time Credit
- Home Arrest
- Life Without Parole
- Managerialism
- Maximum Security
- Medium Security
- Minimum Security
- Parole
- Prison Farms
- Prisoner Reentry
- Probation
- Rape
- Security and Control
- Supermax Prisons
- U.S. Marshals Service
- WITSEC
- Sentencing Policy and Legislation
- Ashurst-Sumners Act 1935
- Clemency
- Compassionate Release
- Determinate Sentencing
- Discipline System
- Dothard v. Rawlinson
- Eighth Amendment
- Estelle v. Gamble
- First Amendment
- Fourteenth Amendment
- Fourth Amendment
- Freedom of Information Act
- Furman v. Georgia
- Good Time Credit
- Habeas Corpus
- Hawes Cooper Act 1929
- Indeterminate Sentencing
- Jailhouse Lawyers
- Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act 1989
- Life Without Parole
- Megan's Law
- Mens Rea
- Parens Patriae
- Politicians
- President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
- Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program
- Prison Litigation and Reform Act (PLRA) 1996
- Prisoner Litigation
- Rehabilitation Act 1973
- Ruiz v. Estelle
- Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act
- Sentencing Reform Act 1984
- Thirteenth Amendment
- Three Prisons Act 1891
- Three-Strikes Legislation
- Truth in Sentencing
- USA PATRIOT Act 2001
- Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act 1994
- Volstead Act 1918
- War on Drugs
- Wilson v. Seiter
- Youth Corrections Act 1950
- Staff
- Alexander Maconochie
- American Correctional Association
- Benjamin Rush
- Correctional Officer Pay
- Correctional Officer Unions
- Correctional Officers
- Dothard v. Rawlingson
- Governance
- History of Correctional Officers
- James V. Bennett
- Joseph E. Ragen
- Katharine Bement Davis
- Kathleen Hawk Sawyer
- Legitimacy
- Mabel Walker Willebrandt
- Managerialism
- Mary Belle Harris
- Miriam Van Waters
- National Institute of Corrections
- Officer Code
- Professionalization of Staff
- Psychologists
- Sanford Bates
- Sexual Relations With Staff
- Staff Training
- U.S. Marshals Service
- Unit Management
- Volunteers
- Zebulon Reed Brockway
- Theories of Punishment
- Types of Punishment
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