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Tic-Tac-Toe
Tic-Tac-Toe is also known by the names Noughts and Crosses or Hugs and Kisses, because the game involves writing the letters X and O. This game is also known by many other names. Tic-Tac-Toe is one of the most basic and easily accessible games in the world to play. The simplicity of Tic-Tac-Toe makes it perfect as a pedagogical tool for teaching the concepts of game strategy, game theory, and concentration. The game is so simple that young children can play it long before they learn to read and write because it uses only two letters of the alphabet with repetition. The game is a great way to start younger children off on games of skill.
It introduces them to taking turns, some strategy, winning, losing, or coming to a draw. What makes this game so simple is the myriad surfaces on which it can be played. It can be played on paper with paint, pen, pencil, marker, or crayon; on the sidewalk with sidewalk chalk or paint; on blackboard with chalk; on earth (dirt) with sticks or fingers; and with the technology of computer and gaming systems, it can be played electronically and interactively on computers and game systems. It is also simple because it provides players the ability to develop geometrical concepts and handle spatial relationships.
The Aspects of Games Play
Tic-Tac-Toe is an abstract strategy game played by two players. The players each take turns applying marks in a 3×3 grid with the strategy of making the most marks, usually three marks, first. The first player to strategically place three respective marks in a diagonal, horizontal, or vertical line wins the game.
With the electronic version of the game, a person can play the game with another person hundreds or even thousands of miles away in another, city, state, country, or continent, or simply against the computer or gaming system. In 1952 a Ph.D. student at Cambridge University, Alexander S. Douglas, created the first electronic version of Tic-Tac-Toe. For a human-computer interaction doctoral dissertation, Douglas built the game that ran on a computer at Cambridge University called the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) that had been created in 1949. The game was played against the computer on the system's 35 × 16 pixel screen, with the player choosing their move using a dial. The actual game data itself was supposedly highly efficient, as code had to be in those days, because of extremely limited RAM (EDSAC had 1024 bits of delay line memory). Because there was only one EDSAC in existence at the time and the game was completely dependent on EDSAC, commercial success and popularity were not possible, and the game was only played by a handful of people.
Tic-Tac-Toe in Culture
Tic-Tac-Toe has been played in the United Kingdom for several centuries, although its precise history seems unknown. Around the world, the game has a number of alternative names. This cross-cultural dimension of the game is evident in its play in a plethora of countries. In the United States and Canada, the game is known as Tic-Tac-Toe. In the United Kingdom and in countries that are former British colonies, the game is known as Noughts and Crosses. In France, the game is known as Morpion. In Spain, the game is known as Tres en Raya. In Chile, Mexico, and Costa Rica, the game is known as Gato. In Portugal, the game is known as Jogo do Gab. In Brazil, the game is known as Jogo da Velha. There have been archaeological carvings similar to Tic-Tac-Toe that were found in Egypt, circa 1300 b.c.e. Additionally, Rome has carvings on walls, floors, and roofs from the ancient Roman Empire that were named Terni Lapilli and that resemble Tic-Tac-Toe. The exact origin of the game is unknown, but its lasting popularity has evolved around the globe.
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