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Performance
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[MUSIC AND SINGING]
In its broadest sense, music performance is the creation and execution of a piece of music by one or more musicians that normally takes place in front of an audience. For this reason, performance can be regarded as both a sonic and a visual spectacle—the members of an audience go to see a performance, as well as to hear it. Music performance may be understood according to the practices of a particular culture or society, so one's appreciation of what performance is, does, or entails varies across the globe: The improvisatory interactions among Balinese gamelan players differ from those produced by a Western jazz soloist and accompanying ensemble; and the bodily and hand gestures integral to Hindustani vocal performance differ from those evidenced by drummers in Korean farming communities. Performances may involve the participation of some or all of the members of a group or society, while different levels of distinction will emerge between performer and listener/observer. The ritual of performance, along with appreciation of the skills involved in preparing for it and matters of musical interpretation that define a given performance, are fundamental in one's understanding of performance.
Musicians provide entertainment through performance. Performances can take place in a range of venues and on different occasions, such as in formal concert or community settings; “gigs” in public houses; accompaniments to civic, religious, or other ceremonies; and as informal background music. Performances can be recorded using audio and video technology, enabling the material to be stored and repeatedly listened to or viewed. A musician can record a performance live or via repeated takes in a studio. Because of advances in modern technology, recorded performances can be broadcast around the world on the Internet, encouraging global appreciation of different types of music and different performance traditions. Some musicians have created live musical material in real time through the medium of the Internet, leading to the development of cyberperformances.
Performance Rituals
Music performance may be regarded as a form of social ritual that is influenced by cultural norms within a particular society. In prehistoric times, music performance might have involved communication via repetitive sounds and rhythms to lure animals in hunter-gatherer societies, or to establish call-and-response patterns among members of a tribe. Traditional folk performances involved singing and/or dancing to provide community entertainment, history-telling, or to accompany manual labor. In contemporary Western popular and rock performances, different rituals exist depending on the musical genre, such as “moshing” in heavy metal gigs, or laser shows at raves with electronic dance music.
There are important differences between experiencing a live, recorded, or cyber performance as a performing musician or as a listener/observer, and different types of performances will demand different kinds of social interaction and etiquette from both performers and audience members alike.
Etiquette has evolved over time: for example, 19th-century Western concertgoers might have attended classical performances to socialize with one another, the music serving as background entertainment; the audience members of today's classical concert will be expected to remain silent during a performance, except to applaud at appropriate points.
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- Aesthetics and Emotion
- Action Tendencies
- Aesthetic Response
- Affect
- Arousal, Emotional
- Authenticity
- Belief
- Circular Tones
- Cues and Signals
- Emotion
- Emotional Contagion
- Emotions, Aesthetic
- Emotions, Mixed
- Emotions, Primary and Secondary
- Empathy
- Evaluative Conditioning
- Meaning
- Mood
- Music Preference
- Musical Semantics
- Nostalgia
- Personality
- Rating Scales
- Relativism, Cultural
- Repetition
- Sad Music, Psychological Implications of
- Schema
- Style
- Subjectivity
- Syntax
- Tension
- Violence and Aggression
- Business and Technology
- Access, Digital
- Advertising
- Affordance and Appropriation
- Algorithm
- Appraisal
- Arthouse
- Authorship
- Classification, Music Store
- Computer Music
- Consumerism
- Copyright Law
- Copyright, Defined
- Driving While Listening to Music
- Green Music Alliance
- Lyrics
- Marketing
- Music Journalism
- Musical Instrument Digital Interface
- Pay to Play
- Payola (Radio)
- Phonograph
- Royalties
- Sectors, Music Industry
- Song
- Songwriting as Profession
- Touring
- Workout Playlists and Portable Devices
- Communities and Society
- Algerian Raï
- Antiestablishment Music
- Antiwar Music
- Apartheid
- Attunement and Affiliation
- Bards
- Blind Musicians
- Campaigns
- Civil Rights, U.S.
- Database Studies
- Diplomacy
- Ecological Validity
- Enculturation
- Fascism
- Fight Songs
- Generation
- Historical Musicology
- Indigenous Music
- Mass Hysteria
- Music Collectives
- Oral Tradition
- Patriotism
- Poetry
- Political Music
- Protest
- Race
- Revolutions
- Social History
- Spirituals
- Terrorism
- Troubadour
- War Music
- World Music
- Culture and Environment
- Anthems
- Anthropology
- Bimusicality
- Bird Song
- Cantometrics
- Chords, Perception of
- Classics
- Community Music
- Country Music
- Cultural Heritage
- Cultural Identity
- Cultural Meaning of Gender, Music and
- Cultural Renaissance
- Dance
- Death
- Drugs, Recreational
- Ecomusicology
- Environmental Causes and Campaigns
- Ethnocentricity
- Ethnographic Studies
- Ethnomusicology and Ethnomusicologists
- Everyday Uses of Music
- Fans
- Fieldwork
- Folk Music
- Gender
- Globalization
- Habitus
- Human Behavior, Music as
- Hymns
- Identity
- Imagery
- Immigrant Communities
- Inspiration
- Intellectual History
- Marching Bands
- Men
- Music Culture
- Music Festivals
- Music Traditions, Continuing
- Nature, Music in
- Performativity
- Philosophy
- Popular Music
- Primitive Music
- Prosody
- Religion
- Rituals
- Rock Concerts
- Social Networking
- Sociology of Music
- Soundscape
- Sports
- Street Musicians
- Subcultures
- Theater
- Tone Language
- Trance
- Urban Music
- Weddings
- Whale Songs
- Whistled Speech
- Women
- World Soundscape Project
- Elements of Musical Examination
- Analogy, Metaphor, and Narrative
- Analysis by Synthesis
- Architectural Acoustics
- Atonality
- Auditory Stream Segregation: Applications
- Auditory Stream Segregation: Boundaries
- Auditory System
- Behavioral Measures
- Brain Stem
- Case Studies
- Categorical Perception
- Closed Systems
- Closure
- Cochlear Implant
- Computer Models of Music
- Computer-Aided Musical Analysis
- Consonance and Dissonance
- Continuous Response Measurement
- Converging Evidence
- Correlational Study
- Critical Band
- Distraction
- Empirical Musicology
- Feature
- Features, Independence and Interaction of
- Fourier Analysis
- Generative Theory of Tonal Music
- Gesture
- Harmonicity
- Harmony
- Hearing Damage
- High Fidelity
- Humor
- Illusion
- Imaging Techniques
- Information-Processing Paradigm
- Instruments
- Intentionality
- Interval
- Intonation
- Loudness and Intensity
- Melody Processing
- Mode
- Music, Definitions of
- Musical Meme
- Musical Research, Causal Effects in
- Nature–Nurture
- Noise Versus Music
- Observation Techniques, Ethnomusicology
- Pattern
- Pitch Perception
- Pitch Perception: Development
- Pitch, Absolute
- Pitch, Models of
- Pitch, Relative
- Post-Tonal Music
- Probe-Tone Method
- Protolanguage
- Recognition
- Resource Sharing, Music and Language
- Scale
- Silence
- Sound
- Sound Engineering
- Systematic Musicology
- Timbre
- Tonal Pitch Space
- Tonality
- Tone
- Tuning Systems
- Vibrato
- Evolutionary Psychology
- Media and Communication
- Musicianship and Expertise
- Achievement, Musical
- Anxiety, Performance
- Arranging
- Articulation
- Audience
- Automaticity
- Body Movements
- Competitions, Classical and Popular
- Composition
- Conducting
- Creativity, Theories of Musical
- Drumming
- Education, Music
- Elite Performance
- Ensemble Performance
- Expertise
- Expressivity
- Fame and Esteem
- Fingering
- Genius
- Giftedness and Talent
- Grouping
- Improvisation
- Intelligence
- Interpretation
- Large-Scale Structure
- Learning and Teaching
- Lessons, Music
- Motor Skill Acquisition
- Movement
- Music Analysis
- Musical Aptitude, Tests of
- Musicking
- Nonmusical Abilities
- Notation
- Originality, Measures of
- Ornamentation
- Performance
- Practice
- School Bands and Choirs
- Sight Reading
- Singing, Acoustics
- Singing, Pedagogy of
- Singing, Psychology of
- Statistical Learning
- Theory
- Training
- Voice and Musical Identity
- Voice Leading, Rules of
- Neuroscience
- Achievement, Academic
- Applied Musicology
- Arousal, Science of
- Attention
- Brain Specialization for Music
- Brain Waves
- Cognition and Learning, Childhood
- Cognitive Constraints
- Critical Period
- Entrainment
- Episodic Memory
- Facial Expression
- Fetal Development
- Genetic Basis of Music
- Hemispheric Asymmetry
- Hormones
- Immune System
- Melodic Intonation Therapy
- Mirror Neurons
- Modularity
- Motivation
- Mozart Effect
- Music Exposure, Short-Term Effects of
- Music Training, Long-Term Effects of
- Neural Network Models
- Neurotransmitters
- Parkinson's Disease
- Physiological Responses, Peripheral
- Plasticity
- Prodigy
- Psychoacoustics
- Psychoanalysis
- Second Language Acquisition
- Sleep
- Perception, Memory, and Cognition
- Accent
- Agency
- Auditory Stream Segregation: Applications
- Auditory Stream Segregation: Boundaries
- Background Music
- Circle of Fifths
- Complexity
- Decoding
- Dissociation
- Earworms
- Embodied Cognition
- Executive Function
- Expectancy
- Expressive Timing
- Feedback, Role of
- Fusion
- Gestalt
- Hierarchical Organization
- Implication–Realization
- Implicit Learning
- Individual Differences
- Memory
- Meter
- Modulation
- Multimodality
- Music Cognition
- Perception
- Priming
- Rhythm
- Roughness and Beats
- Semiotics
- Similarity, Melodic
- Structure
- Synaesthesia
- Tactus and Pulse
- Tempo
- Theory of Mind
- Timing
- Transfer Effects
- Politics, Economics, and Law
- Therapy, Health, and Well-Being
- Aging
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Belonging
- Cancer
- Communicative Musicality
- Cooperation
- Dementia
- Health and Wellness
- Health Care
- Health, Public
- Intimacy and Affiliation
- Language Disorders
- Meditation
- Mental Health
- Music Thanatology and Hospice Care
- Music Therapy
- Music Therapy Methods
- Music Therapy Models
- Musical Disorders
- Pain
- Prevention
- Rehabilitation
- Relaxation
- Rhythmic Auditory Entrainment
- Self-Esteem
- Social Bonding
- Social Exclusion
- Special Needs
- Speech Therapy
- Spirituality
- Stroke
- Suicide
- Synchronization
- Teamwork, Music Education and
- Trauma, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Vibrotactile Devices for the Deaf
- Well-Being
- Workout Playlists and Portable Devices
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