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Coaching

The phrase “greatness in coaching” conjures many images. There is Vince Lombardi stalking the sidelines, extolling his players; the reserved John Wooden quietly watching his team dismantle opponents; the boastful and vociferous Percy Cerutty, who preached the value of a Spartan lifestyle; James E. “Doc” Counsilman, whose athletic facilities were as much a laboratory as a place to train; Pat Summit, who has demonstrated that great coaching is not gender-specific; and Brutus Hamilton, whose selection as head coach of the United States Track and Field Team at the 1952 Olympics had as much to do with his dignity and poise as with his ability to bring out the best in each athlete. In spite of the diverse personalities and styles of great coaches, a closer look reveals that they share certain common leadership qualities. By examining these qualities more closely in the light of coaching and leadership theories, this entry creates an integrated model for effective coaching leadership.

Under the umbrella of social psychology, cognitively based leadership models appeared in the mid 1970s, and in the mid 1980s the theory of transformational leadership, which now dominates leadership research, was developed by political scientists. Not surprisingly, discussions of leadership in sports followed a similar path. In 1994, W. J. Weese reported that “leadership has become the most ‘popular’ subject in the field of Sports Management.” However, to date, no one has attempted to develop a comprehensive model of leadership in coaching.

The Coaching Leadership Model

The ultimate goal of all coaches is to generate positive transformations in an athlete or group of athletes. The foundation of these transformations lies in the coach/athlete relationship, and both participants have to work together in order to achieve the desired changes. The defining feature that separates great coaches from others is the ability to achieve these positive transformations consistently. In spite of inconsistencies such as personnel changes, assistant coach changes, support staff and management changes, rule changes, equipment changes, and league changes, great coaches manage to influence their athletes in positive ways.

In this model, a coach must first inspire an athlete to “buy in” to a particular concept, vision, or organizational goal. This can be done in either a personal manner or by using the format and characteristics of the team. The athlete then becomes enthusiastic about the sport and the challenges of training and competition. This enthusiasm provides the energy which, in turn, allows for the work required to make the necessary changes. However, hard work is not enough. This work must be well directed and imaginatively taught by the coach in order for positive results to occur. In this model, the coach has two primary responsibilities. The first is to inspire the athlete to “buy in.” The second is to imaginatively guide and teach athletes once they have fully committed to the goal. Coaches will vary their approaches based on personal strengths and the unique circumstances of their particular challenge. However, a firm understanding of leadership theory and research can help coaches achieve success in these two areas of responsibility.

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