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Appendix C: Journalism: A Guide to Recent Literature - Section 8. Regulation, Ethics, and Critique

Under the American system of governance, government agencies and decisions help define the largely private or commercial arena within which journalism is practiced. Under the country's constitution, law provides both benefits and protections but also limitations on what media can or cannot do or report. Generally, however, thanks especially to the First Amendment (1791), government is quite limited in the degree to which it can control news media content.

The literature on all of the topics included in this section is substantial and ever changing thanks to new findings and legal determinations, especially those of the U.S. Supreme Court. Thus for other than historical work, it is necessary to have the latest information at hand, and increasingly that is found online rather than in print. Furthermore, some of this material is narrowly legal in nature, while other studies retain a broader policy context.

A. Reference Sources

American Society of Newspaper Editors. Codes of Ethics. http://www.asne.org/ideas/codes/codes.htm. Includes those from a dozen national organizations or associations, plus a survey of important newspapers' codes from around the country. See also University of Tampere, below.

Bennett, James R. Control of the Media in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1992. Includes some 4,700 books and articles published since 1945 on both print and broadcasting issues. “Control” here includes that by corporate media as well as government.

Bertrand, Claude-Jean. Media Accountability Systems. http://www.media-accountability.org. Now housed at the University of Missouri, this extensive site details many different “MAS” types including codes of ethics, news councils, and other approaches, most of which are found in the United States.

First Amendment Center: Collins, Ronald K. L. The First Amendment Library. http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/faclibrary/index.aspx. Portal for a considerable amount of information on relevant Supreme Court petitions for review, arguments, and decisions since 2000, and both information and reviews of new books and reports on all aspects of the First Amendment published since 2003.

First Amendment Center. First Amendment Glossary. http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/about.aspx?item=glossary. Quite good paragraph-length definitions of legal and other relevant First Amendment terms.

First Amendment Center. First Amendment & Free Expression Sources. http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/about.aspx?item=related_links. Extensive listing, with brief description of each site.

Foerstel, Herbert N. Free Expression and Censorship in America: An Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997. offers alphabetical entries that range from a paragraph to as much as three or four pages for more important topics such as the Freedom of Information Act, or the House Un-American Activities Committee; broad issues such as cryptography, hate speech, and whistle blowing; and major figures such as Justice Hugo Black. Most entries end with suggestions for further reading (primarily current monographs, but also some journal articles, videocassettes, and dissertations). The range of material is obviously wider than “journalism” per se, but is strongly relevant nonetheless. See also next entry.

Foerstel, Herbert N. Banned in the Media: A Reference Guide to Censorship in the Press, Motion Pictures, Broadcasting, and the Internet. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998. A companion to the title immediately above. Chapters survey book and other media censorship, prominent media cases, a chronological history of media cases (a paragraph or so each—most are Supreme Court decisions), and profiles of six media figures of importance. Appendices deal with school censorship and relevant organizations.

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