Metagovernance

Metagovernance refers to the need of formal public organizations to exercise some control over devolved and decentralized decision-making organizations. In line with the common use of the prefix meta-, which means over and beyond, the shortest definition of the term metagovernance is the governance of governance. Just as the meaning of metaphysics is determined by the definition of physics, the meaning of metagovernance in practice depends on how the term governance is defined. It is generally accepted that three ideal-typical styles of governance can be distinguished, which usually form combinations: hierarchical, network, and market governance. When one style dominates, the other two often run in the background. Other forms of governance, such as public–private partnerships and the European Union's open method of coordination, can be considered as hybrids of the three basic styles.

Each of the ideal types has a clear and distinct internal logic. The central value of hierarchical governance is authority; therefore an authoritative and legitimate form of governance is sought. The central values of network governance are empathy and trust, and therefore, the results are preferably based on consensus. Market governance is based on competition and price, which makes it logical that the best results are the most competitive and cheapest products.

This most used threefold concept of governance leads to defining metagovernance as the governance of hierarchies, networks, and markets. More precisely, metagovernance is that which produces some degree of coordinated governance, by designing and managing sound combinations of hierarchical, market, and network governance, to achieve the best possible outcomes from the viewpoint of those responsible for public sector performance. Metagovernance is not a supergovernance style but an attitude and an approach that is expected to help overcome some of the typical failures of each of the governance styles and of their combinations.