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Ex-partner and ex-spouse relationships are the ties between members of a former couple after divorce or relationship dissolution. The divorce rate in the United States remains around 40 percent, which means large numbers of people find themselves in postdivorce relationships. When children are involved, how former partners relate to each other is critical to their children's well-being. This entry describes perspectives that have been used to study ex-partner relationships and types of relationships that can form after dissolution for those who do not have children together as well as for those who share children.

Perspectives Used to Study Ex-Partner Relationships

Researchers who study relationship dissolution vary in how they view the resulting changes. Some take a problem-oriented or deficit comparison perspective; they view divorce as an event or process that causes difficulty for adults and children and greatly disadvantages them when compared with adults in first married nuclear families. Others take a normative approach and view divorce and relationship dissolution as normal because of its frequency and not necessarily negative because some family members may benefit from the break. For example, if an abusive relationship dissolves, the dissolution may be positive for the person being abused and for the children who have been exposed to the abuse or who have perhaps been abused themselves. In a third approach, a stress and coping model is used, suggesting that over time, most people adjust to life changes brought about by relationship dissolution. The first 2 years following divorce are a time when parents experience personal and economic stress and are more likely to have higher levels of conflict with their former partner. As a result, these 2 years often affect children in a negative way. Children are more likely to have lower levels of academic success, have more emotional problems, and may act out. Over this 2-year period, however, most parents and children are able to adjust to the divorce.

Types of Ex-Partner Relationships

For former partners to continue a relationship after divorce, the relationship must be redefined. Part of this redefinition process includes negotiating and redefining boundaries. This postdissolution relationship may manifest itself in a number of different ways, depending partly on whether the ex-partners have children together. Regardless of the presence of shared children, intimacy and power boundaries must be addressed.

Childless Ex-Partner Relationships

Although relationships between former partners who do not have children are less likely to continue than are relations between those who share children, most childless ex-partners maintain some contact after divorce. There are a number of reasons for this. For example, they may continue to work together, they may share the same social circle, or they may want to maintain the friendship they had before and during the marriage. They may also want to continue ties because of shared history, because of extended family relationships, and to maintain mutual support. Some couples can maintain close friendships but cannot tolerate each other's company on a day-in and day-out basis. There are few societal scripts, however, to guide former partners in how to relate with each other. There is also a prevailing assumption that ex-partners should be antagonists. If ex-partners remain friendly after divorce, others are often confused about why the relationship dissolved or they may make assumptions that the couple will reunite. New romantic partners often discourage expartner relationships. If intimacy boundaries are not renegotiated, ex-partners may continue such behaviors as having keys to each other's households, and sharing pets and expensive items such as snow blowers, lawn mowers, and vacuum cleaners. It may be disconcerting to a new romantic partner when an ex-partner bursts into the house, unannounced, sometimes at quite inappropriate times, to borrow the vacuum cleaner!

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