Bioterrorism

The term bioterrorism (BI-oh-TER-e-riz-em) is derived from the words biological and terrorism. By definition, it is the intentional threat or actual use of a biological agent(s), which includes both micro-organisms (bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi) and toxins (chemicals) produced by micro-organisms, plants, or animals.1 Each has the ability to produce disease, illness, or intoxication in a susceptible pop-ulation.2 The explicit intent of such threat or use in the pursuit of political, religious, or ideological goals is to create fear and panic to coerce and intimidate governments or societies. Such agents may be dispersed in either an overt or covert fashion, with a malevolent intent.3 Although the disease pathogens are assumed to target human populations, they may also be directed toward animal or plant species. Regardless of the end target, the explicit purpose of such agents is to cause disease or death in human, animal, or plant populations.

Under Title 18 of the United States Code, section 2332(a), the Weapons of Mass Destruction Act, it is illegal to use, threaten, attempt, or conspire to use a weapon of mass destruction, including any biological agent, toxin, or vector.

U.S. law continues to evolve to address the specific issues of criminal prosecution as it relates to bioterrorism. Hence, the development of the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Statute of 1989 (BWAT). Under this statue Title 18 of the United States Code, section 175, identifies the use of biological agents or toxins as a criminal violation in the United States. In general, whoever develops, produces, stockpiles, transfers, acquires, retains, or possesses, a biological agent, toxin, or delivery system for use as a weapon is in violation. Current U.S. statutes identify fines or imprisonment for whoever possesses, uses, or exercises control over a select agent in a manner constituting reckless disregard for the public health and safety. People whose acts result in bodily harm or death face fines and life imprisonment.4