Reproductive System Diseases

The reproductive system is unique in its form and function compared with other organ systems in the human body. Two striking differences distinguish males from females in terms of reproductive system structure and function. The male reproductive system consists of essential (gonads) and accessory organs and glands (epididymides, vasa deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland) and supporting structures (scrotum, penis, and spermatic cord). The female reproductive system consists of essential (gonads) and accessory organs (uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina), external genital (vulva), and additional sex glands (mammary glands). The female reproductive system is also intimately involved with nurturing and developing a fetus, while the male's is not. Regarding function, the reproductive system exists mainly to sustain human survival from one generation to the next. Hormones produced by the sex organs are essential in the development of structural and functional differences between males and females. While differences exist between the male and female reproductive systems, there are many similarities, as well. For example, tissues for both come from the same embryologic structure, and some of the hormones that affect these two systems are identical.

The female and male reproductive systems are susceptible to environmental toxicants. Toxic chemicals can enter the system via ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact with water, food, air, and soil. The reproductive system can be environmentally exposed by nonregulated landfill areas, sewage discharge, and runoff into waterways, or occupationally exposed to toxins from industrial processes of plants or the application of pesticides during farming. Once those toxins enter into the human system, the amount and duration of these toxins become the two major factors that determine the degree of adverse effects to the reproductive system. Sexual behavior, onset of puberty, fertility, gestation time, and pregnancy outcome are among the potential factors affected by reproductive toxicity in females. The male reproductive system can be affected by toxins that alter sperm count, sperm morphology, and sexual behavior. Important effects of environmental/occupational exposure to toxicants on the reproductive system are discussed below.