Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Methods of Prevention

Although abstinence from all forms of sexual contact outside of a mutually monogamous [Page 1523]relationship with an uninfected partner is the only guaranteed method of preventing STDs, there are other ways in which individuals can reduce their STD risk. Latex condoms are extremely effective at preventing STDs such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, which are spread by transmission of infected bodily fluids, and they can also reduce the risk of diseases such as herpes and HPV that are spread by skin-to-skin contact.

Condoms are most effective when they are used consistently and not just for vaginal intercourse but also for oral and anal sex. Although transmission of HIV during oral sex is relatively uncommon, in recent years there has been a growing awareness of the importance of oral sex as a transmission route for other STDs, including gonorrhea, syphilis, and HPV.

Regular screening and effective treatment also play important roles in the prevention of curable STDs. Although there is a growing problem with antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea strains, the biggest obstacle to treating curable STDs is not medication but detection. Treatment cannot be based on symptoms alone, because STDs are often asymptomatic, particularly in women. The only way to effectively identify individuals who are infected with STDs is to actively screen everyone who is at risk, which can be difficult in countries that lack medical funding and/or infrastructure. Screening and treatment efficacy can, however, be increased by presumptively contacting and treating infected individuals' recent sexual contacts.

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