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In Africa, more than 1,000 languages are spoken across a landmass that holds 53 nations, countless terrains, and diverse cultural practices, ethnolinguistic groups, and religious worldviews. Though Christianity, Islam, and African Traditional Religion (ATR) are the three predominant religions of Africa, Rastafarianism, Hinduism, Black Judaism, Cargo Cults, and multifarious new religions creatively exist and persist in pockets across the continent. While stereotyping often presents Africa and Africans monolithically as part of a primordial, unchanging past, in reality, Africa and its people are continually transforming, influencing, and creatively adapting to modern challenges, global interchange, and cultural interactions. As part of the global community, Africa's people affect and are affected by trade, national debts, technological advancements, health reform, industry, and governmental sanctions. Global economic processes interplay and transform, on a local level, social interactions, religious ideologies, educational practices, consumer preferences, and daily activities. As access to electricity, clean running water, and substantive nutrition becomes more available to larger populations, Africa's potential role as a significant player within the global market and transnational cultural relations exponentially increases. This entry discusses the social impact of different religious worldviews; slavery, colonization, and the formation of nations and governments; the global society; globalization and technology; the religions of Africa; and cultural practices and competing values on the continent.

Social Impact of Religious Worldviews

Because for many Africans, the sacred is imbued in everyday life, fiscal concerns, emotional well-being, spiritual developments, and material realities are not just interconnected but dependent on one another. As conversions to Christianity rapidly expand in West, Central, and South Africa and Islam continues to have a stronghold on many North, West, and East African countries, the ways in which these religious traditions are embraced, interpreted, and practiced within Africa society must be recognized as filtered through lenses that generally honor the fusion between material manifestations and spiritual realities. Because of this holistic interrelationship between the invisible and visible worlds, religious traditions often become integrated with farming practices, market vending, trade relationships, family units, social ceremonies, and daily functions.

Understanding this vital connection forces the impact of religious traditions to be placed on the same ideological table as the impact of global factors on Africa's economy. It becomes relevant to examine not only the philosophies of religious traditions across Africa but also global factors that shape day-to-day realities and decision-making processes: globalization and technology, historical factors such as slavery and colonization, government and economy, education, health, environmental factors, migration patterns, and social concerns.

Colony, Government, Economy

Africa's most recent postcolonial development, and, in turn, its place within the economic world order and global market, has been affected by several key historical factors: slavery, colonization, and the formation of nations and governments.

Brief Early History of Africa

The earliest human descendants scientifically discovered inhabited the African subcontinent; crude tools such as hand axes have been dated back from 60,000 to 1 million years ago in West Africa, implying a long human presence; rock paintings in Namibia have been dated back 27,000 years; decorative pottery dating back nearly 10,000 years has been found across North and West Africa. By 3000 BCE, cattle herders and hunter-gatherer communities predominated in West Africa; by 2000 BCE, hierarchical communities developed, with flourishing examples of art and kingship present among the Egyptians, the Nok of Nigeria (500 BCE), and empires and city-states of the 8th to the 15th century CE, including the Songhai State, the Soninke Kingdom of Ghana, the Mali Empire, the Benin Kingdom, and the Yoruba and Hausa city-states.

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