Gum Disease

Gum disease, also called periodontitis or peridontal disease, is an inflammation of oral tissues caused by bacteria collecting around the base of the teeth. Prolonged inflammation destroys bone and connective fibers and can lead to tooth loss and a host of other health problems. Gum disease affects people throughout the world without regard to region, class, or development.

According to the American Academy of Periodontology, there are several types of gum disease. Gingivitis is the mildest form, causing the gums to become red and swollen but causing little discomfort. It is the easiest form of gum disease to reverse. Agressive periodontitis is the next stage, where inflammation has caused loss of tooth attachment and bone loss. Chronic (or severe) periodontitis is the most frequently diagnosed form of gum disease, especially among adults. Bacteria and inflammation causes the formation of pockets around the base of the teeth, or the recession of the gums, along with loss of tooth attachment. Necrotizing periodontal disease is generally seen in those with diseases such as HIV/AIDS or other systemic diseases, or in cases of severe malnutrition. It causes the loss of gingiva and the formation of lesions on gum tissue.

While periodontitis has long been viewed as arising from a lack of oral hygiene, there are in fact several other risk factors for the development of the disease. New research indicates that tobacco use may be the most significant risk factor in both periodontitis and oral cancers. Genetics may also play a large role, with around 30 percent of the population predisposed to gum problems. In women, hormonal changes around puberty and during pregnancy may spur the development of inflammation. Lifestyle issues like stress, poor nutrition, and the use of some medications are known to reduce the ability of the body to fight off infections. Bruxism, or the involuntary clenching or grinding of the teeth, causes a variety of gum problems, including recession.

Gum disease is an inflammation of oral tissues caused by bacteria collecting around the base of the teeth.

The ultimate result of untreated, advanced periodontitis is tooth loss, but researchers are now finding that even mild cases of gum disease has an impact far beyond the mouth. Periodontitis is believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, perhaps as a reaction to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. It also may increase the risk of certain respiratory diseases. Pregnant women with periodontitis are seven times as likely to give birth prematurely. Some studies indicate that periodontitis can raise the risk of developing diabetes, or it can develop as a result of having diabetes.

Most of the global population has some form of gum inflammation, with severe periodontitis affecting five to 15 percent worldwide. The World Health Organization has identified oral health as a major part of overall health and quality of life, and has [Page 762]launched a Global Oral Health Programme designed to raise awareness of the issue. Among their goals is increasing availability of dental care in disadvantaged regions and reducing the global consumption of tobacco products.

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