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Spiritual leaders are spiritual pathfinders who aspire to achieve the highest measure of what it means to be human, and use their spirituality in the service of others. Spiritual leaders demonstrate behaviors and beliefs that Dorothy Sisk and E. Paul Torrance in Spiritual Intelligence: Developing Higher Consciousness proposed as spiritual intelligence. These individuals speak and act in accordance with perceptions and values that reflect a larger perspective, and their words and actions awaken in others the recognition of universal truths. They demonstrate the power of one person being able to reinvigorate a community or a nation to restore hope and raise expectations. Through lives of service, spiritual leaders transform biological reality into a transformation of the spirit. They transform the conditioning forces of ethnicity, gender, socialization, or political that constrain them. One major characteristic of spiritual leaders is their sense of purpose and other-worldliness, being in the world, but not of it.

Spiritual leadership is manifested in the wisdom of the ages, and their lives leave footprints on the sands of time. Spiritual leadership is imbedded in spirituality, but there is a distinction between spirituality and religion. The Dalai Lama in Ethics for the New Millennium offered this clear distinction:

Religion I take to be concerned with faith in the claims of one faith tradition or another, an aspect of which is the acceptance of some form of heaven or nirvana. Connected with this are religious teachings or dogma, ritual prayer, and so on. Spirituality I take to be concerned with those qualities of the human spirit—such as love, compassion, patience, tolerance, forgiveness, and contentment. A sense of responsibility, a sense of harmony—which brings happiness to both self and others. (p. 22)

A number of spiritual leaders manifested spirituality at an early age, and many were in hopeless situations; yet, they were able to find ways to make a difference. The spiritual leaders presented in this entry represent people of integrity who inspired others with their ideals. They made things happen that others thought were impossible and created new ways for society to be.

Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela was born in 1918 in a small village in the Transkei region. His birth name was Rolihlahla, meaning pulling the branch of trees. At age 7, he enrolled in a local Methodist school, and had to change his name, spoken language, and even the clothes he wore. Early on, he became convinced that education was the road to success, and later enrolled in the all-Black University College of Port Hare with 150 students representing the brightest youth of South Africa. He dedicated himself to work for racial equality in South Africa using peaceful protests through the African National Congress (ANC). Mandela finished a law degree, and he started his own law firm with Oliver Tambo. In 1955, the ANC drafted a Freedom Charter stating, “the people shall govern, all national groups shall have equal rights, the people shall share in the country's wealth, and the land shall be shared among those who work it.”

Mandela was invited to the Pan African Freedom Movement meeting in Algeria, and spent 7 months of travel outside South Africa. During that time, he was viewed as a symbol of resistance and dangerous to the South African government. When he returned, Mandela was charged with inciting people to strike and with leaving the country illegally. During his trial, Mandela aired the grievances of Black Africans.

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