National Academies of Sciences

The National Academies of Sciences is an honorary society of scholars who are engaged in scientific and engineering research. Dedicated to the use of science and technology for the general welfare, the Academy was authorized initially as the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863. In 1916, the National Research Council (NRC) was created to focus on public policy work, and incorporated under the umbrella of the NAS. The National Academy of Engineering was incorporated in 1964, and in 1970, the Institute of Medicine. Today, these three entities make up the National Academies.

The National Academy of Sciences was created to provide national leaders with independent scientific advice relating to public policy decisions. The membership of the NAS is elected from the United States' top scientists, engineers, and other experts—as many as 72 members and 18 foreign associates may be elected annually—based on their contributions to original research. All members operate as volunteers independent of any government framework while performing membership activities. Led by a council of 12 members and 5 officers elected from academy membership, the NAS currently boasts 2,100 members and 380 foreign associates. Of these, 200 have won Nobel Prizes. Outstanding members are recognized for their accomplishments in the field of science with awards and prizes ranging from $15,000 to $60,000. In 2008, 13 outstanding members were recognized for their achievements in the fields of biology, chemistry, solar physics, ecology, mathematics, oceanography, paleontology, social sciences, and psychology.