Panamanian Americans

Immigration Patterns

Central and South American persons have migrated to the United States since the early 19th century. However, due to Panamanians being categorized with other Central and South American immigrants, early statistics of specifically Panamanian immigration are not available. Data indicate that after the Immigration Quota Act was lifted in 1965, the number of South American immigrants grew rapidly, and by 1970 Panamanians were one of the largest Central [Page 1016]American groups in the United States. During the decades that followed, the number of Panamanian immigrants continued to increase due to family reunification programs.

Historically, the building of the Panama Canal led to a special and unique relationship between the United States and Panama. From 1903 to 1979, the territory was controlled by the United States; for the next 20 years, the operations switched to joint U.S.-Panamanian control. Since 1999, the canal has been in Panamanian hands, but the previous U.S.-managed enclave with its significant military presence was the cause of sporadic—and sometimes significant—tensions between the United States and Panama.

Contemporary Community

During recent years, people from Panama have sought permanent residency status and have completed the naturalization process to become citizens. From 1997 through 2006, approximately 1,700 Panamanians immigrated to the United States annually. At least 19,000 Panamanian Americans have become naturalized citizens since 1997. According to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey 2005, there were 129,128 people of Panamanian national origin in the United States. In terms of geographic distribution, the top five states were New York, California, Florida, Texas, and Georgia. Panamanian Americans' primary language is Spanish, although approximately 80% are bilingual, speaking English fluently as well. Their median family income was $44,302 as compared with $50,890 for the nation as a whole.