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The Holocaust, the extermination of Europe's Jews and other stigmatized groups during World War II, is one of the most thoroughly documented events of the 20th century, but this does not prevent some from either significantly downplaying the event or even denying it occurred, as this entry summarizes.

Revisionism versus Denial

Ordinarily, revisionism means a reinterpretation of history. This goes on all the time. Interpreting history is an acceptable form of research. However, when such revisionism means the denial or the obvious skewing of a historical fact, this passes beyond the category of commonly accepted social scientific research and becomes outright lies and distortions. The European death camps were still smoldering when some people began to argue that they did not exist or that, if they did exist, only a small number of people died in them; some said that the ovens were used to bake bread or that most Jews died from disease and not from genocidal intent.

Actual denial of the Holocaust has become a growing problem in Holocaust historiography, and takes many forms. The most egregious form took place in the fall of 2006 when Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad hosted an international conference on Holocaust denial in Tehran that welcomed hundreds of foreigners, including Orthodox Jews from New York and Israel, Ukrainians, Americans, Europeans, and others from around the world.

Claims of Holocaust Denials

“There Were No Gas Chambers”

This allegation can often be traced to the writings of Arthur Butz, a Northwestern University engineering professor. His work, The Hoax of the Twentieth Century, is based largely on the fact that Butz could not find the name of one prisoner on the list of Auschwitz prisoners—that of Vrba Rosenberg, who wrote an eyewitness account called I Cannot Forgive that was published in 1946. As it turns out, Vrba was an adopted name and the author was listed in the Auschwitz rolls under his original name, Walter Rosenberg.

“The Concentration Camps Were Not so Bad”

Ernst Zundel, a denier in Toronto, Canada, has testified at trials that many camps had all “the luxuries of a country club,” with dance halls, orchestras, recreational facilities, sauna baths, and other amenities. True, there were showers for inmates, and there was an orchestra that played in the morning when prisoners went to work and again in the afternoon when they returned. But these were simply ruses to help camouflage the fact that the “work” in these camps was meant to lead eventually to the deaths of the prisoners.

“Hitler Was a ‘Man of Peace’”

According to proponents of this view, the Allied air raids on Dresden and the German postwar population transfer from territory ceded to Poland to the West were more brutal than the punishment that was “allegedly” imposed on the Jews in the gas chambers. Harry Elmer Barnes, a prominent historian during the 1930s and 1940s, and people such as Austin App, Robert Faurisson, and David Irving share this opinion. Irving, in fact, devoted an entire book to the bombing of Dresden. These deniers typically overlook the massive German bombing of Rotterdam, Warsaw, Coventry, and London.

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