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Vehicle-Related Injuries
Injuries from motor vehicle crashes represent a significant public health issue throughout the world. Recent figures compiled by the World Health Organization estimate that 1.2 million people are killed in road traffic crashes each year. Presently, injuries from road traffic crashes rank as the 11th leading cause of death worldwide. This figure is expected to rise exponentially, by up to 83%, over the next two decades as more vehicles are bought and used in the developing world, with major increases forecast for India and China.
The epidemiology of injuries from motor vehicle crashes were eloquently framed by William Haddon more than 50 years ago in the context of the Haddon Matrix. The Haddon Matrix is a model for understanding the dynamics of events related to crash injury. It is drawn by outlining the issues that lead to, occur during, and follow a crash. Important issues that describe injuries in these three crash phases include human, vehicle, and environmental factors. The Haddon Matrix has been expanded in recent years to also incorporate a sociobehavioral component as an additional issue.
The advent of the Haddon Matrix brought about an enhanced understanding of the multiple factors that underlie crashes and their outcomes. The findings from research over the past 50 years have identified a number of risk factors related to vehicle injuries. These include issues related to gender, age, behavior, education, vehicular safety and safety devices, vehicle and road user relationships, road type, climate, emergency response time, and trauma care availability, among others. Today, varied research and prevention programs are underway to reduce the burden related to motor vehicle crashes, including programs from multiple disciplines, such as epidemiology, engineering, medicine, behavior science, transportation planning, and government.
High-Risk Groups for Motor Vehicle
Injury Several common risk markers have been observed for road traffic crash injury around the world. The major risk groups include younger and older drivers and passengers, persons under the influence of alcohol, aggressive and distracted drivers, motorcycle operators and passengers, and vulnerable road users, primarily pedestrians. While the magnitude of difference in risk of injury may differ for these groups between countries, the general observation that individuals within these groups have a higher injury risk is remarkably consistent. Thus, most present-day research and prevention agendas focus on these risk groups in their road traffic injury prevention efforts.
Young Drivers
Young drivers are often the risk group with the highest reported crash and injury rates. In the United States, the crash rates of young drivers (15 to 20 years of age) are 2 to 3 times higher than drivers of all other ages, except for the elderly. Many issues in young drivers contribute to the higher risks observed. A common factor cited is inexperience with the performance tasks related to driving. The increased crash rate is most pronounced among younger drivers in situations requiring higher performance such as driving in limited visibility and driving at higher speeds. Other factors cited as contributors to higher risks in young drivers are immaturity and higher levels of risk-taking behaviors, particularly alcohol intake. Risks are also borne by the passengers in vehicles driven by younger operators. Most passengers are also between 15 and 20 years of age. Both factors contribute to the fact that injuries from motor vehicle crashes are generally the leading cause of death for persons below 35 years of age in developed regions and a significant cause of death for this age group in the developing regions of the world as well.
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