Interview Techniques

Interviews are used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. They are particularly important in qualitative studies, where they are the principal form of data collection. Interview techniques used in qualitative data collection vary from unstructured interviews or narratives to open-ended, semistructured interviews. Both unstructured and semistructured interviews may be distinguished from formal or structured interviews, in which a fixed list of questions is used and the emphasis is on collecting data in a standardized manner. Structured interviews are used to collect data for many surveys, including the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System and the National Health Interview System; however, because the data collection process is much more straightforward in structured interviews, this entry concentrates on techniques used in unstructured and semistructured interviews.

Regardless of the type of interview, the quality of a research project relies heavily on the researcher's ability to elicit accurate information from the participant. A successful qualitative interview is similar to a warm and personal sharing of a confidence with a trusted friend. Even in structured interviews, it is important to establish a relationship of trust with the subject. Several procedures may assist in establishing a successful interview process. First, whenever possible, the participants should choose the setting. Wherever they have selected, it should be private with little opportunity for interruption. A small table nearby will allow a tape recorder and microphone to be placed with less intrusiveness. The researcher should begin with small talk to relax the participant and start the interview with the consent procedures and demographic information. This simply gets the participant used to talking with the interviewer. Depending on the type of interview selected, once the participant is relaxed and comfortable with the interview process, the researcher should begin administering the structured interview questions or, in an unstructured interview, allow the participant to lead the interview and focus on telling his or her story.