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Surface transportation in the United States is an extremely large and complex system that is responsible for the movement of vast numbers of passengers and huge quantities of freight via rail, roadways, water, and pipelines. The system includes many thousands of independent yet tightly connected operators of all sizes, in both the public and private sectors. The smooth operation of the U.S. surface transportation system is essential to the country's economic strength, security, and quality of life.

The Surface Transportation Board (STB) was established in January 1996 as a successor agency to the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) as part of the Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act of 1995. The bill abolished the ICC and either dissolved or dispersed its responsibilities to other regulatory bodies operating under the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), including the STB, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, and the Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

The STB's primary goal is to provide an efficient and effective forum for the resolution of surface transportation disputes. While falling administratively under the DOT, the STB maintains decisional autonomy regarding regulation and adjudication of matters related to freight railroads, as well as certain issues involving pipeline carriers, trucking companies engaged in collective activities, moving van companies, intercity passenger buses, and water carriers engaged in trade with Alaska, Hawai‘i, or noncontiguous U.S. territories or possessions. The STB also has limited regulatory authority over the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak).

Structure of the Organization

The STB is based in Washington, D.C., and is led by three key board members who are appointed by presidential nomination and Senate confirmation. Each senior leader is placed with the organization for a designated term of service, and each executive's term is staggered to ensure consistent yet evolving leadership.

Operations of the STB are sustained by an extensive support staff and fall within six distinct offices of the organization: (1) the Office of the General Counsel provides legal advice to the board's top executives and defends the STB in court when its actions are legally challenged; (2) the Office of Economics is mainly responsible for collecting and reporting data, supporting STB decisions with economic and policy analysis, applying economic analysis to STB models and systems, and auditing Class I railroads; (3) the STB's Office of Environmental Analysis is charged with performing environmental review of actions put forth before the agency to ensure compliance with U.S. environmental policy law and also makes recommendations to the STB regarding environmental issues and implications; (4) the Office of the Managing Director handles administrative matters of the agency, such as human resources, facility management, and budgeting; (5) the Office of Proceedings is the legal office of the STB; it is focused on researching issues pending before the STB, preparing draft decisions for the public record, tabulating case votes, and recording official outcomes; and (6) the Office of Public Assistance, Governmental Affairs, and Compliance (OPAGAC), which functions as the agency's liaison with the public, managing outreach and serving as the STB's primary point of contact with the general public and with state and local governments, the media, and industry stakeholders.

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