Control Balance Theory

Control balance theory is a complex and integrated theory of crime and deviance developed by Charles R. Tittle. The theory seeks to explain crime and deviance by integrating dozens of variables from several crime theories, such as social control, social learning, rational choice, deterrence, and strain. Control balance theory considers crime and deviance as a complex and multifaceted issue and focuses on explanation of deviance through multiple perspectives (e.g., environmental, psychological, contextual, and physiological). The theory argues that deviance occurs due to control imbalances that exist in [Page 136]individuals and social entities (organizations, institutions). Crime and deviance result when actors attempt to maintain or gain control.

Tittle differentiates two types of control imbalance: control deficit and control surplus. A control deficit exists when a person has less control than he or she is subjected to. More clearly, the control to which a person is subjected consists of external controls applied to him or her by others. Additionally, the reaction he or she exercises against the external control is considered a response control. On the other hand, a control surplus exists when a person is able to exert more control than he or she is subjected to. According to control balance theory, existence of an imbalance (either deficit or surplus) between these two controls (control exercised by one related to a control to which he or she is subjected) initiates a causal chain of deviance and may lead to particular types of crimes. If there is a balance between these external and reaction controls, which is theoretically defined as conformity, the likelihood of deviance is much lower. Thus, a key factor in control balance theory is a control ratio.