Interpreters and Translators

Definitions

Because translators and interpreters both work to convert words from one language (called the source language) to another (called the target language), the terms are often used interchangeably. However, there is a distinction between a translator and an interpreter.

Translators are responsible for converting the written word from one language to another, while interpreters are responsible for translating speech from one language to another. In the military, specialists are called on to both interpret speech and translate documents as needed. For this reason, the position in Military Occupational Specialties is listed as interpreter/translator (09L for army/2799 for Marine Corps). Regardless of whether an individual is working as a translator or an interpreter there are certain skills required.

Interpreters and translators must be fluent in two languages: the source language and the target language. Both should have familiarity with the subject area being discussed to use and translate specialized terms correctly. Both must also have an awareness of the cultures that the languages spring from. This knowledge helps them to accurately convey the meaning of the expressions, not just the literal translation. In addition to these proficiencies, because translators work with written language, they must also possess good writing and editing skills.

Types of Interpreters

There are basically two types of interpreters: simultaneous and consecutive.

Simultaneous interpreters provide interpretation as soon as the speaker begins to talk. This requires the interpreter to listen and translate the words at the same time. In other words, the interpreter translates and keeps pace with the speaker. This requires a great deal of concentration and skill and an excellent knowledge of both languages and the subject matter. Originally, simultaneous interpretation amounted to an interpreter sitting next to his or her client and whispering in the target language. However, this was incredibly inefficient and distracting to all parties involved. This changed with the invention of the electronic simultaneous interpretation equipment.

While there is some debate as to exactly when the system for simultaneous translation was invented, its use has been documented since the 1940s. The system is designed so that interpreters are in soundproof booths. Listeners are set up with earphones and can turn the dial to the language they wish to hear. This allows for many simultaneous interpreters to be working at the same time and many languages to be available. A good example of this type of interpretation is the system that is used in the United Nations.

In the case of consecutive interpreters, the interpreter does not begin talking until after the speaker has stopped speaking. This may be a pause between thoughts or longer pieces of speech and may require the interpreter to take notes. Typically, this type of interpreter will translate sentences or passages. For example, this type of interpreter may be used in situations such as speeches or lectures. However, the military also uses consecutive interpreters to conduct interviews with friendly civilians in areas of military operation.

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