Logical Incrementalism

Fundamentals

Two major approaches are generally used to describe how managers formulate and implement strategy: the formal planning approach and the power-behavioral approach. Logical incrementalism is different from the formal planning approach. In the formal planning approach, the full strategy is formulated [Page 452]before it is implemented. Thus, the formulation and implementation of strategy are sequential activities. In logical incrementalism, strategy formulation and strategy implementation take place simultaneously. In addition, logical incrementalism emphasizes qualitative and organizational factors, whereas the formal planning approach focuses on quantitative analysis. The underlying rationale is that quantitative analysis is less useful for nonroutine activities (such as the development of a new strategy) than for routine activities. Logical incrementalism is also different from the power-behavioral approach. The power-behavioral approach focuses on negotiation processes and the practice of “muddling” in public administration. While logical incrementalists negotiate with stakeholders, they also have a clear sense of direction.

As Quinn made clear, successful strategies are rarely brought about deliberately through a process of formulation followed by implementation. They often emerge over time as managers proactively develop a course of action and reactively adapt to unfolding circumstances. The implications are straightforward. Instead of setting a course of action in advance, managers should proceed incrementally. Initially, the strategy is likely to be broad and vague. As more information becomes available, it will become more precise. Interestingly, there are two potential uses of logical incrementalism. Although logical incrementalism can be used as a process to formulate a strategy, it can also be used as a process to implement a strategy that already exists in the mind of top managers. In that case, the implementation of strategy (rather than the formulation of strategy) is incremental.

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