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Community-Based Services
Community based services (CBSs) are provided by various types and structures of community-based organizations (CBOs) that serve diverse population segments. CBSs address income, housing, mental health and substance abuse, health, child welfare, child care, criminal justice, disabilities, educational, long-term care, and other similar social welfare needs; these services can be prevention-or intervention-oriented. Some CBOs are specialized in providing services to specific age groups experiencing specific issues, while others provide a range of services to several population segments. For instance, community-based adoption agencies provide adoption services for children under the age of 18; community action agencies may provide a wide range of services (e.g., income maintenance, child care, home-based parental skills training, energy assistance, etc.) to clients of all age groups. typically, CBSs in nonprofit organizations are supported by mixed funding streams; private fees, philanthropy, grants, contracts with public agencies, and income from the sale of services and/or goods are some of the funding mechanisms. The structure and type of CBO influences the structure and type of services provided by the organization.
Professionals and programs within CBSs implement specific theories of change—assumptions about clients and their behaviors and causal relationships between interventions and outcomes. CBSs attempt to create empowering environments for clients and communities as well as actively engaging community members in designing programs. Notwithstanding the wide range of CBSs, CBOs encounter challenges in delivering high-quality services. Each of these concepts is relevant for human service professionals.
Theory of Change
CBSs and programs are designed to create specific outcomes and provide specific benefits to clients and communities. These services and programs are generally based on theories of change, in which specific activities and steps are expected to produce specific outcomes. theory of change is a road map for creating the desired change. Ideally, leadership within CBOs explicates each program's and/or intervention's theory of change so that employees implementing the programs are clear about the relationship between their activities and the desired outcomes. Explicating theories of change is more important when organizations are serving diverse population segments because the assumptions about the change process may not be the same for all population segments. Professionals within CBSs attempt to create change in people's lives by changing their knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors, and health, or by changing conditions for children, individuals, families, and within communities. by explaining—with a theory of change road map—how a CBS creates desired changes, the program evaluation process can become easier for professionals.
Empowering the Community
Empowerment, a multidimensional concept, can be both personal and social. Professionals within CBSs attempt to create environments for clients to increase their sense of personal, interpersonal, socioeconomic, and political strength and develop a strong sense of self-efficacy. Some strategies for enhancing clients' sense of self-efficacy are: building trusting relationships between program employees and clients, collaborating with clients to design solutions, raising clients' awareness about power and class differences and related issues, teaching specific skills to clients, and promoting activities that will enhance clients' sense of personal power and self-advocacy. Regular in-serving training is essential for promoting and maintaining empowerment-oriented practices within CBSs, especially in light of the diverse population segments that seek assistance from CBOs.
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- Children and Youth Services
- Abandonment
- Abduction
- Abuse and Neglect
- Adolescent/Youth Services: Overview
- Adoption Agencies and Services
- Adoption, Special Needs
- Adoption: Infants, International, and Older/Special Needs Children
- Aftercare Services for Children Aging Out of Foster Care
- Aggression Replacement Training
- AMBER Alert
- Ansell-Casey Life-Skills Assessment
- At-Risk Youth Services
- Behavior Modification and Residential Treatment Facilities Behavior Support and Management Biracial Children
- Boarder Babies
- Boot Camps
- Bullying
- Child Abuse/Neglect, Victims of
- Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths
- Child Protective Services
- Child Support Agencies and Services
- Child Welfare Services
- Children in Foster Care
- Children in Special Living Arrangements
- Children of Incarcerated Parents
- Children of Substance Abusers
- Children of Undocumented Aliens
- Children, Youth and Human Trafficking
- ChildStats
- Continuum of Care
- Daniel Memorial Institute System Independent Living Skills
- Day Care for Children
- Disposition of Juvenile Records
- Early Childhood Development
- Early Childhood Literacy
- Education and Training Vouchers
- Educational Support Services
- Families, Nontraditional
- Family Crisis Intervention Planning
- Family Permanency Planning
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Drug-Exposed Infants
- Foster Care Agencies
- Gangs in Schools
- Genogram
- Group Homes for Children
- Head Start and Prekindergarten Programs
- Immunization Campaigns
- Infant Mortality/Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
- Infant/Toddler Development
- Intelligence Testing
- Interethnic Adoption Provision
- Jail Diversion Programs for Children and Adolescents
- Juvenile Justice System
- KIDS COUNT
- Kinship Care
- Life Book
- Life Skills Training
- Maternity Homes
- Monitoring the Future
- Multicultural Education Journals
- Multiracial Children
- Multisystemic Therapy
- National Center for Children in Poverty
- National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System
- National Survey of Family Growth
- National Youth in Transition Database
- Parenting Skills Training
- Parenting Styles, Cultural Differences in
- Paternity, Establishing
- Peer Pressure
- Profile of Parenting Study
- Protective Services for Children
- Runaway Youth
- School Counselors
- School Mental Health Project
- School Psychologists
- School Social Workers, Racial and Ethnic Issues for
- Special Education
- State Children's Health Insurance Program Status Offense
- Substance Abuse Treatment for Children and Adolescents Targeted Case Management Truancy
- Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
- Zero Tolerance Approach in Schools
- Community Development
- Administration for Community Living
- After-School Services
- Business Incubator
- Community Action Agencies
- Community Corrections
- Community Development Block Grants
- Community Development Corporations
- Community Health Centers
- Community Organizing
- Community-Based Services
- Cultural Services
- Educational Services
- Eminent Domain
- Enterprise Zone
- Fair Lending Practices
- Gentrification
- Grassroots Leadership
- Habitat for Humanity
- Health Promotion Services
- Housing Services
- Microlending Programs
- Neighborhood Watch Programs
- NeighborWorks America
- Policing and Safety
- Primacy of Place
- Prisoner Reentry Programs
- Recreation Services
- Redlining
- Section 8
- Senior Services
- Transportation Services
- Volunteer Services
- Cultural Competence in Human Services
- Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers
- Diversities
- Diversity and Equality in Health Care
- Journal Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work
- Journal of Human Services
- Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
- American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare
- Changing the Client Versus Changing the Environment
- Childhood Trauma
- Colonialism, Lingering Effects of
- Communication Styles, Ethnic and Cultural Differences in
- Community-Based Participatory Research
- Critical Race Theory
- Cross-Cultural Knowledge
- Cross-Cultural Service Models
- Cross-Cultural Skills
- Cultural Competence, Human Service Providers and
- Cultural Competence, Measuring and Assessing
- Cultural Competence, Model of
- Cultural Competence, Professional Standards of
- Cultural Competence, Training in
- Cultural Humility, Model of
- Cultural Paradigms
- Culturally Diverse Practice, Definitions of
- Culturally Diverse Practice, Theories of
- Culturally Specific Services
- Death and Dying, Cultural Attitudes Toward
- Diversity in the Workplace
- Education for Diversity in Human Services
- Emic and Etic
- Empowerment Research
- Ethnocentrism and Ethnorelativism
- Executive Orders
- Factline: Tracking Health in Underserved Communities
- Implicit Bias
- Institute for Women's Policy Research
- Institutional Oppression
- Intangible Cultural Heritage
- Interprofessional and Interdisciplinary Practice
- Levels of Intervention
- Life Course Approach
- Locus of Control, Cultural Differences in
- Marriage and Family Therapists
- Medicine, Workforce Diversity in
- Multicultural Education
- Personal Practice, Model of
- Power, Race/Ethnicity and
- Prejudice, Theories of
- Providers, Institutional Racism and
- Racial Microaggression
- Racism, Long-Term Effects of
- Racism, Self-Assessment of
- Service Providers and Diversity
- Social Determinants of Health
- Social Epidemiology
- Social Innovation
- Social Work Practice and People of Color
- Social Work, Diversity Practice in
- Social Workers
- Sociology of Disability
- Spirituality/Religion and Diversity
- Culture-Specific Services
- Ableism
- ADHD, Services for Individuals With
- Age and Clients
- Aging and Adult Services
- Assistive Technology
- Autism and Asperger's Syndrome, Services for
- Blindness and Low Vision
- Children With Special Needs
- Children, Youth, and Human Trafficking
- Cisgender
- Cultural Broker
- Deaf/Hard of Hearing
- Developmental Disabled Individuals
- Disability Services
- Disability Studies
- Disabled Clients
- Elder Care/Geriatric Services
- Families of Prisoners and Ex-Prisoners
- Fundamentalist Christian Americans
- Gangs, Social Issues of and Intervention
- Gender and Clients
- Heterosexual Privilege
- Immigrant Populations, Human Service Needs of
- Immigration: Human Service Issues
- Interfaith Couples
- Juvenile Delinquents
- Juvenile Detention Centers
- Learning Disabilities, Services for Individuals With
- LGBTQ Clients
- Longitudinal Studies of Aging
- Marriage and Family Therapy
- Meaningful Access
- Mobility-Impaired Individuals
- Mormons
- National Institute on Aging
- Neurodiversity
- Prisoners and Ex-Prisoners
- Probation and Parole Officers
- Protective Services for Adults
- Reasonable Accommodations
- Religion and Clients
- Same-Sex Marriage/Couples
- Sexual Abuse Survivors
- Sexual Reassignment Surgery
- Size Discrimination
- Social Services, Disabled Children and
- Student Visas
- Subcultures
- Torture, Survivors of
- Transgender Individuals
- Two-Spirits
- Universal Access/Universal Design
- Victim Services
- War and Terrorism, Survivors of
- Women, Battered
- Family Services
- Alloparenting, Cultural Aspects of
- Co-Parenting, Cultural Aspects of
- Counseling and Psychotherapy Services
- Divorce
- Domestic Violence, Victims of
- Economic Support and Services
- Emergency Fuel Services
- Employment/Career Assistance Services
- Family Planning Services
- Family Preservation Services
- Family Services
- Family Violence Prevention and Services
- Food Support
- Housing Support and Homeless Services
- Kinship Care, Cultural Aspects of
- Legal Services
- Respite Services
- Wraparound Services/Systems of Care
- Hospitals, Health Care, and Cultural Competence
- Adult Day Care
- AIDS/HIV Programs
- Case Management Services
- College and University Health Services
- Communication Disorders, Services for
- Community Health, Racial and Ethnic Approaches to
- Dental Services
- Directly Observed Therapy
- Do Not Resuscitate Order
- Emergency Medical Care
- Harm Reduction Programs
- Health as a Human Right
- Health Care Delivery, Models of
- Health Care, Disparities in
- Health Insurance
- Home and Community Services
- Home Care Services
- Hospice Services
- Hospitals
- Immunization
- Maternal/Infant Health Services
- Medicaid
- Medical Necessity
- Medical Social Workers, Racial and Ethnic Issues for
- Medical Supplies, Access to
- Medical Transportation
- Medicare
- Meditation/Yoga
- Midwifery
- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- National Healthcare Disparities Reports
- Neonatal Care
- Nursing Home Care
- Nursing, Public Health
- Nutritional Services and Assessment
- Occupational Therapy
- Outpatient Medical Care
- Overweight and Obese Adults and Children
- Pain Management
- Palliative Care
- Partner Notification Programs in HIV/AIDS
- Pharmaceuticals, Access to
- Pregnancy and Parenting Services
- Prenatal Care
- Public Health
- Quality of Life, Measuring of
- Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health
- Rehabilitative Services
- Respite Care
- School Health Services
- Telecommunications Devices for the Deaf
- Workplace Health Services
- International Cultural Competence
- Alcohol Consumption, International Variations in Attitudes Toward
- Alternative Medical Systems
- Child Labor, International Variations in Attitudes Toward
- Children and War
- Children, International Variations in Attitudes Toward
- Chronic Diseases Common in Developing Countries
- Coca-Colonization
- Communicable Diseases Common in Developing Countries
- Cultural Appropriation
- Diaspora
- Disabilities, International Variations in Attitudes Toward
- Domestic Violence, International Variations in Attitudes Toward
- Family Reunification
- Family, International Variations in Definitions of
- Female Genital Mutilation
- Gender Issues and Roles in Developing Countries
- Gender Issues and Roles in Non-Western Countries
- Global Burden of Disease
- Health and Sickness, Differing Attitudes Toward
- Help-Seeking Behavior, Cultural Differences in
- Honor Killings
- Human Trafficking
- ICE Detention Centers, Services in
- Infanticide, International Variations in Attitudes Toward
- International Adoptions and Families
- International Federation of Social Workers
- Mental Health, International Variations in Attitudes Toward
- Missionary Work and Workers
- Natural Disasters, Service for
- Naturalized Citizens
- Pandemics
- Poverty
- Rape as an Instrument of War
- Refugee Assistance
- Reparations
- Rites of Passage
- Role Flexibility, International Differences in
- Sweatshop Laborers
- Tobacco Use, International Variations in Attitudes Toward
- Traditional Medicine
- Legislation and Regulations
- Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System
- Adoption and Safe Families Act
- Americans with Disabilities Act
- Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
- Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act
- Community Reinvestment Act (1977)
- Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, United Nations
- Cultural and Linguistically Appropriate Services Standards
- DREAM Act, The
- Equal Pay Act of 1963
- Fair Labor Standards Act
- Family Violence Prevention and Services Act
- Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1966
- Indian Child Welfare Act
- Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
- Interstate Compact for Juveniles
- Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children
- McKinney-Vento Homeless Education Assistance Improvements Act of 2001
- Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994
- No Child Left Behind Act
- TRIO Programs
- United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
- United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
- United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Mental and Behavioral Health Services
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Cultural Responsiveness of
- Alcohol and Substance Abuse Services
- Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
- Behavioral Health Disparities for Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations
- Case Management
- Chemical Restraints
- Conflict Resolution and Diversity
- Crisis Services
- Day Treatment Centers
- Deinstitutionalization
- Developmental Disabilities, Attitudes and Myths in Services for
- Drug and Alcohol Screening
- Eating Disorders, Cultural Aspects of
- Employee Assistance Programs
- Ethnic Groups and Drug and Alcohol Use
- Face-Blindness (Prosopagnosia)
- Family Therapy
- Gambling Addictions
- Genetic Counseling, Cultural Aspects of
- Group Homes for Adults
- Group Therapy
- Information and Referral
- Interpersonal Violence
- Long-Term Residential Care
- Marriage Counseling
- Mental Health Service Delivery, Cultural Characteristics
- Mental Health Services, Adult
- Mental Health Services, Child
- Mental Health Services, Ethnic Models and Multicultural
- Military Families
- Military Personnel
- Military Veterans
- National Database for Autism Research
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Native Americans, Suicide Among
- Partial Care Services for Adults, Mental Health
- Partial Care Services for Children, Mental Health
- Peer Support and Counseling Services
- Postpartum Depression
- Psychiatric/Psychological Assessment
- Rehabilitation Centers
- Restorative Justice
- Self-Harm, Cultural Aspects of
- Smoking and Smoking Cessation, Cultural Aspects of
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Association
- Suicide Prevention Services
- Suicide, Cultural Aspects of
- Supported Housing
- Trauma-Focused Services
- Twelve-Step Programs
- Veterans Services
- Organizations, Programs, Government Agencies, and Departments
- Administration for Native Americans
- Administration on Children, Youth and Families
- Administration on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
- American Correctional Association
- Asian and Pacific Islander American Health Forum
- Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development
- Association of Administrators of the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children
- Association of Juvenile Compact Administrators
- Child Welfare League of America
- Children's Defense Fund
- Court-Appointed Special Advocate, National Association
- Department of Education, U.S.
- Department of Health and Human Services, U.S.
- DiversityRx
- Enterprise Community Partners
- Human Capital Development Initiative
- Institute of Education Sciences
- International Mental Health Research Organization
- John H. Chafee Foster Care Independence Program
- Joint Commission, The
- Low-Income Housing Tax Credits
- Mental Health Gap Action Program
- National Alliance for Hispanic Health
- National Assessment Governing Board
- National Center for Cultural Competence
- National Center for Hate Crime Prevention
- National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
- National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- National Congress of American Indians
- National Mental Health Association
- National Minority AIDS Council
- National Organization for Human Services
- Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation
- Office for Civil Rights
- Office for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, White House
- Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
- Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools
- Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services
- Social Security Administration
- TuDiabetes
- U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
- U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- Yale Center for Dyslexia and Creativity
- Race and Ethnicity
- Regional Cultural Competence
- Accommodation
- Acculturation
- African Americans
- African Immigrants
- Alaskan Natives
- American Indian Movement
- Anti-Semitism
- Antilocution
- Appalachia and Human Services
- Arab Americans
- Asian Americans
- Asian Immigrants
- Asian Indian Immigrants
- Assimilation
- Bias in Service Delivery
- Biculturalism
- Biracial Couples
- Blue Vein Society/Paper Bag Test
- Border Communities
- Caribbean Immigrants
- Center for Native American Youth
- Central American Immigrants
- Chinese Americans
- Conflict Resolution and Diversity
- Cuban Americans
- Cultural Determinism
- Cultural Literacy
- Discrimination and Institutional Racism
- Displaced Persons
- Dominican Americans
- Environmental Racism
- Equal Opportunity and Civil Rights
- Ethnic Diversity and Values
- Ethnicity and Clients
- Ethnicity, Definitions of
- Ethnocentrism
- European Americans
- Filipino Americans
- Global South/Global North
- Haitian Americans
- Hate Groups
- Hawai'ian Native Americans
- Hispanic Americans
- Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- Hispanic Immigrants
- Hmong Immigrants
- Holocaust Survivors
- Immigration Law: History of U.S.
- Incarceration and Sentencing, Racial Disparities in
- Indian Boarding Schools
- Indian Health Service
- Internal Revenue Service's Migration Data Files
- Isolated Communities and Cultural Competence
- Jewish Americans
- Language Assistance
- Literacy Testing
- Melting Pot Theory
- Mexican Americans
- Migrant Workers
- Model Minority Stereotype
- Monoculturalism
- Multiculturalism
- Multiracial Individuals and Families
- Muslim Americans
- Native Americans
- Office of Refugee Resettlement
- Pacific Islander Immigrants
- Pacific Islanders
- People of Color: Service Delivery, Psychological Assessment, Cultural Issues
- Pluralism
- Puerto Ricans
- Race and Clients
- Race, Social Definitions of
- Racial and Ethnic Categories, U.S. Census
- Racial Identity Development, Models of
- Regional Cultural Competence
- Reverse Discrimination
- Rural Communities
- Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act
- Sikhism
- Slavery and Lasting Cultural Effects of Social Biology/Biological Determinism
- Social Darwinism
- South American Immigrants
- Southern Communities and Cultural Competence
- Stolen Generation
- Tribal Social Services
- Tribal Sovereignty
- U.S. Cultural Regions
- Undocumented Immigrants
- United Farm Workers of America
- United States, Demographics of
- Urban Communities and Human Services
- Values, Ethics, Ethnic Diversity and
- Vietnamese Americans
- Western Communities and Cultural Competence
- White Privilege
- Women Minorities
- Socioeconomic Status and Cultural Competence
- Adult Education Programs and Services
- Adult Literacy Programs
- Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Historical Role of
- Blue Collar/Pink Collar/White Collar
- Cultural Capital, Role of
- Dual Income, No Kids
- Educational Status and Service Delivery
- Environmental Justice
- Family Structure, Diversity of
- Financial Literacy Programs
- Food Desert
- Food Insecurity
- Health Disparities, Role of
- Homelessness
- Linguicism
- National Urban League
- Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
- Single Parents
- Social and Economic Justice
- Social Capital, Role of
- Social Security, Services Funded by
- Social Welfare Policy, Cultural Competence in
- Social Welfare Programs, Cultural Competence in
- Socioeconomic Status
- Supplemental Security Income, Services Funded by
- Temporary Aid to Needy Families
- Uninsured Clients
- War on Poverty Programs
- Welfare Reform, Role of
- Yuppies and Buppies
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