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Public Image
Public image is how people feel and think about a particular organization, regardless of facts sometimes. Companies and organizations portray and characterize themselves through marketing campaigns that indirectly tell the public how they should feel about said company. How well an organization manages a crisis will directly impact its public image and will alter how people feel about the organization and its products. Maintaining a positive public image is often a selling point for a crisis management program.
Crisis Communications Strategies
The most difficult part of managing a crisis is reacting with the appropriate response in the eye of the public. There are several things that can be done by a company in crisis to publicly manage its reputation.
Taking responsibility for the crisis is necessary to avoid being seen as defensive and portraying an uncaring attitude. During times of crisis, the impacted company should strive to assist with efforts to find the cause of the crisis versus defending an innocent status. If possible, every effort should be made to correct the problem immediately, regardless of fault. If there are victims, it is important to give them and their families special treatment and genuine sympathy. Conversely, a company in crisis may play the role of the victim while also recognizing and fixing the issue. This can gain the public's sympathy and make the public cheer for its success in recovery.
Every attempt should be made to be proactive with the media. This should start before a crisis occurs by identifying a media spokesperson in order to form a trusted relationship. One spokesperson should be identified to be the face for the company during this time. Only facts should be mentioned when discussing the crisis, rather than speculation, assigning blame, or downsizing the impact of the crisis. Social media should not be ignored. Organizations need to designate someone to monitor what is being said about the crisis and the company in order to immediately counter any erroneous information with the correct facts. All available social media platforms should be used in order to get the message out to the most people.
Case Study: Examples of Positive and Negative Public Images during Crises
Common opinion equates with a quick and honest response; often, accepting responsibility, even if the situation was not caused by the company in crisis, is the most effective strategy for maintaining a positive public image after a crisis. A company that is silent during crisis or puts blame on another entity is usually ostracized by the media and the public at large.
Tylenol Tampering
Tylenol (Johnson & Johnson) underwent a product tampering crisis in 1982 in which it fared well with its public image. The company was faced with the dilemma of the best way to deal with a problem outside its control without destroying the reputation of its brand and its most profitable product. Johnson & Johnson's approach to the crisis, including its readiness and willingness to respond, created a favorable positive image for its brand in the long run.
In short, a murderer took Tylenol bottles from stores’ shelves, added cyanide, and returned them back to the shelves to be sold to the general public. Seven people were killed by taking the Tylenol capsules. When the deaths were traced to Tylenol, Johnson & Johnson responded immediately by recalling and destroying 31 million capsules at a cost of $100 million. It is now known that there was no wrongdoing or shirking with safety on behalf of Tylenol; however, the public saw Johnson & Johnson take responsibility for the crisis. The leadership appeared immediately in the media and at news conferences ready to talk about the situation. Tylenol sales regained as people trusted the company because of its proactive response.
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- Agencies, United Nations
- Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, UN (UNDP/BCPR)
- Environment Programme, UN (UNEP)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
- International Children's Fund, UN (UNICEF)
- International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, UN (UNISDR)
- Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, UN (UNICRI)
- Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), UN
- World Health Organization (WHO), UN
- Agencies, U.S.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
- Emergency Management Agencies, City and County
- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
- Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
- State Emergency Management Agencies
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
- Categories of Crises: Engineering and Technological
- Air Traffic Control
- Air Travel
- Biological Engineering Risk
- Bridges
- Buildings
- Chemical Risk
- Cyber Crime
- Cyber Security
- Cyber Warfare
- Dams, Levees, and Seawalls
- Electronics Waste
- Environmental Contamination
- Hazardous Materials
- Hazardous Waste Disposal
- Improvised Explosive Devices
- Manufacturing Risks
- Marine Shipping
- Marine Travel
- Mining
- Nanotechnology
- Nuclear Risks
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Petrochemical Risk
- Sewage Spill
- Smog
- Spaceflight
- Transportation Systems, Vulnerability
- Y2K Bug
- Categories of Crises: Financial and Business
- Categories of Crises: Natural Disasters
- Categories of Crises: Politics, International Relations, and Civil Violence
- Arms Control
- Biological Weapons
- Border Disputes
- Cabinet Office, UK
- Chemical Weapons
- Civil War
- Ethnic Cleansing
- Failed States
- Foreign Policy Crises
- Hijackings
- Hostage Taking and Negotiation
- Human Trafficking
- Interstate War
- Land Mines
- Missiles
- Nuclear and Radiological Weapons
- Nuclear Proliferation
- Peacekeeping
- Protest
- Religious Violence
- Revolution
- Riots
- Suicide Bombings
- Terrorism
- Transportation Security
- War Crimes
- Weapons Trafficking
- Categories of Crises: Population and Demographics
- Disaster Information Databases
- Nongovernmental Organizations
- Risk Management Standards
- Theory, Issues, and Techniques: Civil
- Agency Notification and Mobilization
- Civil Protection
- Civilian Protection, Post-Conflict
- Contingency Planning
- Continuity of Government
- Crisis Information Management Systems
- Debris Management
- Decision Making
- Decision Support Tools
- Disaster Assessment
- Disaster Declaration
- Disaster Risk Reduction
- Documentation
- Emergency Alert Systems
- Emergency Management System
- Emergency Manager
- Emergency Support Functions
- Financial Risk Management in Higher Education
- Hazard Mitigation
- Incident Action Plans
- National Incident Management System (NIMS)
- National Preparedness Goal
- National Response Framework
- Operational Plans
- Operational Readiness
- Perimeter Control
- Policy Setting
- Political and Organizational Leadership
- Preparedness
- Prevention
- Protection
- Search and Rescue
- Situational Analysis
- Stafford Act
- Sustainability
- Threat Detection
- Theory, Issues, and Techniques: Corporate
- Alternate Site, Corporate
- Auditing
- Backup Facility
- Backup Media
- Backup Strategy
- Business Continuity Management
- Business Continuity Planning
- Business Continuity Planning Life Cycle
- Business Impact Analysis
- Business Resumption Planning
- Classification of Systems
- Cluster
- Cold Site
- Continual Improvement
- Critical Applications
- Critical Business Functions
- Criticality Assessment
- Data Mirroring
- Data Recovery
- Dedicated Site
- Disaster Declaration Officer
- Disaster Recovery
- Disaster Recovery Life Cycle
- Disaster Recovery Plan Test Cycle
- Downtime
- Electronic Vaulting
- Failover
- Fink's Crisis Life Cycle
- Impact Analysis
- Incident Management
- Incident Response
- Insurance
- Journaling
- Losses, Quantitative Versus Qualitative
- Maximum Acceptable Outage
- Minimum Business Continuity Objective
- Mirroring
- Mitroff's Five Stages of Crisis Management
- Mobile Recovery Site
- Reciprocal Agreement
- Reciprocal Site
- Recovery Time Objective
- Reinsurance
- Reputational Risk
- Response Team
- Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threat (SWOT) Analysis
- Supply Chain
- Vital Records
- Warm Site
- Theory, Issues, and Techniques: General
- All-Hazards
- Cascading Crisis
- Catastrophe, Definition of
- Climate Change Adaptation
- Collaboration
- Command and Control
- Contingent Coordination
- Coordination
- Coping Capacity and Response Capability
- Credibility
- Crisis Communications
- Crisis Management, Emerging Trends in
- Crisis Simulations
- Crisis, Definition of
- Critical Infrastructure
- Damage Assessment
- Damage Containment
- Debriefing
- Decision Making Under Stress
- Disaster Drills
- Disaster, Definition of
- Disruption of Organizations
- Early Warning Systems
- Electronic Media
- Emergency Management, Principles of
- Emergency Medical Care
- Emergency Operations Center
- Emergency Public Information
- Emergency Responders
- Emergency, Definition of
- Evacuation
- Exercises
- Fusion Center
- Hazard Vulnerability Analysis
- Hazard, Definition of
- Historical Analogies, Use of
- Impact, Definition of
- Improvising
- Incidents Versus Crises
- Interdependence
- Interoperability
- Legal Liability
- Logistics
- Mass Care
- Mass Fatality Management
- Mass Media
- Mental Models
- Methods, Qualitative
- Methods, Quantitative
- Multiple Disaster Problem
- News Media
- Nongovernmental Organizations
- Nonlinearity
- Panic, Nature and Conditions of
- Pre-Crisis Training and Planning
- Pre-Impact Planning Process
- Public Awareness and Education
- Public Image
- Public Relations
- Recovery
- Residual Risk
- Resiliency
- Resource Management
- Response
- Risk Analysis
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Treatment
- Routine Emergencies Versus True Crises
- Safety Policies
- Scapegoating
- Scenario Planning
- Shelter-in-Place
- Simulations
- Social Media
- Spokesperson, Designating and Utilizing
- Stakeholders
- Strategic Plans
- Training
- Trauma
- Trigger Events
- Uncertainty
- Volunteer Coordination
- Vulnerability
- Warning
- Whistle Blowers
- Worker Error
- Theory, Issues, and Techniques: Public Health
- Cholera
- Drug Resistance
- Ebola Virus
- Emergency Medicine
- Epidemics
- Health and Medical Response Scenarios
- HIV/AIDS Epidemic
- Hospital Emergency Room
- Infectious Disease
- Infestations, Parasite
- Influenza
- Living Modified Organisms
- Malaria
- Measles
- Mental Illness
- Noncommunicable Diseases
- Pandemics
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Public Health Surveillance
- Public Safety Canada
- Quarantine
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
- Smallpox
- Social Distancing
- Surge Capacity, Hospitals
- Triage
- Tuberculosis
- Vaccinations
- Theory, Issues, and Techniques: Social Sciences
- Blame, Politics of
- Bounded Rationality
- Bureaucracy
- Chaos Theory
- Cognitive Novelty, Engaging in
- Cosmology Episode
- Coupling
- Decision Making, Theories of
- Decision Stream
- Groupthink
- High Reliability Organization Theory
- Information Asymmetry
- Information Vacuums
- Normal Accident Theory
- Normalization of Deviance
- Organizational Failure
- Paradigm Blindness
- Practical Drift
- Risk Society
- Structural Secrecy
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