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Overpopulation
Population growth is the result of fertility, mortality, and migration. The population by itself is not problematic until the population exceeds the carrying capacity of an environment. Regardless whether there is a high or low population density, the number of people of a given area is only problematic if resources are insufficient. By definition, overpopulation occurs when a population has exceeded basic living standards of food, water, and shelter. Overpopulation is a combination of births, deaths, immigration, resource depletion, and environmental degradation. The population and fertility rates create the consequences of resource depletion and vice versa.
Total Population
The world's population is just over 7 billion people and growing at about 80 million people per year. It is estimated that the global population will reach 9.2 billion (range 8–10.6 billion) by 2050. Of the 7 billion people on the planet, approximately 4 billion, or 57 percent, live in 10 countries: China (1.3 billion), India (1.2 billion), United States (314 million), Indonesia (240 million), Brazil (195 million), Pakistan (179 million), Bangladesh (158 million), Nigeria (155 million), Russia (142 million), and Japan (127 million). Six of the most populated countries, along with three additional countries, will account for about half of the world's projected population growth by 2050. The growth rates of these nine countries from 2000 to 2050 will be 434 percent for Uganda, 334 percent for Ethiopia, 224 percent for Nigeria, 209 percent for Democratic Republic of the Congo, 91 percent for Pakistan, 89 percent for Bangladesh, 65 percent for India, 50 percent for the United States, and 3.17 percent for China.
By 2050, the 10 most populated areas will be India (1.6 billion), China (1.4 billion), United States (439 million), Pakistan (309 million), Indonesia (280 million), Nigeria (259 million), Bangladesh (258 million), Brazil (245 million), Democratic Republic of the Congo (189 million), and Ethiopia (185 million). Russia is projected to decrease to 109 million and Japan to 93 million. Of the projected 9 billion world population by 2050, Asian countries will account for almost half (47 percent), with 5.2 billion people, followed by African countries accounting for 21 percent or 1.9 billion people. Europe is projected to have 674 million, Latin America and Caribbean nations 765 million, and North America 448 million.
Crude Birth Rate and Total Fertility Rate
There are a couple of indicators for estimating the population. The first is the crude birth rate (CBR), which is calculated by taking the number of births in a given period (typically a year) and dividing it by the total population and then multiplying that result by 1,000. A CBR is displayed as the rate per 1,000 people. For example, China's CBR is 12.29 per 1,000, while Nigeria's is 35.51 per 1,000. CBR is considered a less precise fertility estimate tool because it can be skewed by the age distribution and the total population. The total fertility rate (TFR) is another indicator for estimating population. The TFR is more precise because it is an average approximation of children born per woman during her entire reproductive years (e.g., menarche to menopause) rather than the total population, which could include many people not of reproductive age. The TFR is considered a more direct means to measure population change in a state, a country, or the world.
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