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Privatization of Education in the Middle East
Privatization of education refers to the shift of some or all of the cost of education from the government to students and their families. Private education can take several forms. It can be in formal private education institutions, or it can be informal in the form of private tutoring. This entry provides an overview of the increasingly privatized educational systems in the Middle East as well as a discussion of the factors that have contributed to the rise of privatized education in the region. The entry concludes by addressing some major concerns with the privatization of education in the Middle East.
Overview
Although private education existed in most Middle Eastern countries in the past, until recently public education represented the norm in all countries but Lebanon. Since the turn of the 21st century, the education systems in the region have seen rapid growth in both the absolute size and the percentage of private educational institutions.
The movement toward privatization in the region is the result of both internal and external circumstances. The main challenge facing the region is the inability of public finances to meet the growing demand for education, which is a function of the population growth and the increased emphasis on education as an important social and economic asset. The population of Middle Eastern countries is younger than the global average: 38% of the population is under the age of 14. According to the United Nations Population Fund, the annual growth rate for the Arab countries was 2.1% for the period 2005 to 2010, in comparison to 1.2% for the world. Demand also has increased due to public policies that mandate basic education for all. Consequently, demand for education is increasing at a faster rate than governments can manage financially, even in wealthy oil-producing countries.
Simultaneously, the deterioration of public education, resulting from underfunding, poor management, and a lack of qualified teachers, has compelled parents to seek private providers for their children's education. Furthermore, the competition for job opportunities in domestic and international job markets requires highly qualified graduates who are sometimes available only through the private sector.
The Role of International Organizations
International organizations, such as the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), have played a vital role in promoting private education. The World Bank first recommended free market strategies in the 1980s as part of its economic adjustment programs for developing countries known as “structural adjustment programs” (SAP). SAP encouraged the implementation of free market policies, including privatization and the reduction of government control and ownership. In line with the World Bank directives, many of the Middle Eastern countries adopted privatization.
Many governments in the region find the privatization of education appealing because it provides more financial resources and thus releases governments from some of their fiscal obligations. Rich oil-producing countries also encourage private sector involvement in education because it offers more efficient and responsive educational programs to the fast-changing job market. Consequently, most Middle Eastern countries have adopted policies that limit growth in the number of students admitted to public educational institutions and have established or expanded the private sector. Privatization of education varies by country and by education level. For example, it is much more prevalent at the postsecondary level than at the preuniversity level.
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- Māori, Education of
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- Mexican American Studies/Chicana/o Studies
- Mexican Americans, Education of
- Mexico, Intercultural Universities in
- Microaggressions, Racial
- Middle Eastern Americans, Education of
- Minority Group
- Minority Schooling in Europe
- Model Minorities and the Model Minority Myth
- Multicultural Citizenship
- Multicultural Citizenship and Intercultural Education
- Multicultural Counseling
- Multicultural Education, Approaches to Curriculum Reform
- Multicultural Education, Development of: An Eyewitness Account
- Multicultural Education, Dimensions of
- Multicultural Education, Purposes and Goals
- Multicultural Education Policies and Institutionalization Across Nations
- Multicultural Education Series
- Multicultural Special Education
- Multiculturalism and Sociocultural Identity
- Multiethnic Schools, Creating Effective
- Multiracial and Multiethnic Identities
- Multiracial Students in K–12 Schools
- Music Education and Diversity
- National Association for Multicultural Education
- Native American Studies
- Nativism in the United States
- New Literacies and Learners From Diverse Communities
- Nomadic Populations in the Middle East, Curriculum for
- Objectivity and Diversity
- Pacific Islander Americans, Education of
- Patriotism, Diversity, and Education
- People of Color
- Philippines, Education of Ethnic Minorities in
- Pilipino Cultural Nights
- Positionality and Knowledge Construction
- Prejudice and Discrimination
- Prejudice Reduction
- Privatization and Minority Student Achievement
- Professional Development for Cultural Competence
- Puerto Rican Americans, Education of
- Puerto Rican Studies
- Race, Ability, and Language, Intersections of
- Race, Gender, and Skin Tone
- Race, Teaching About
- Race and Education
- Race and Human Genome Variation
- Racial/Ethnic Disproportionality in Special Education
- Racialization, Process of
- Racism in Schools
- REACH Center
- Reconciliation, Politics of, and Excluded Groups
- Regents of the University of California v. Bakke: An Academic Issue, a Civil Rights Defeat
- Remembering Brown: Silence, Loss, Rage, and Hope
- Resilience and Efficacy in Urban Schools
- Resiliency, Identity, and Competence
- Roma in Europe, Education of
- Russia, Education of Ethnic Groups
- Russia, Multicultural Education in
- School Discipline, Race, and Ethnicity
- Science Education and Diversity
- Segregation, Desegregation, and Resegregation
- Service Learning, Diversity, and Teacher Education
- Singapore, Education and Ethnic Diversity in
- Social Justice and Education in Europe
- Social Protest and Education
- Social Studies Education and Diversity
- South Africa, Multicultural Education in
- South Asian Americans
- South Asian Muslim Youth in the United States
- Special Education and Students of Color
- Stereotype Threat
- Student Diversity: Clarifying Meanings
- Subtractive Schooling
- Sweden, Multicultural Education in
- Tibetan Diaspora, Education in
- Turkey, Kurdish Education in
- Two-Faced Racism: Whites in the Backstage and Frontstage
- Undergraduate Readiness for Diversity
- United Kingdom, Multicultural Education in
- United Kingdom, Race and Education in
- United States: Educational Inequality
- United States, Intercultural/Intergroup Education in
- United States, Multicultural Education in
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Vietnam, Ethnic Education in
- Vietnamese American Youth
- White Privilege and Education
- Xenophobia and Antidiscrimination in Europe
- Young Men of Color, Educational Experiences of
- Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
- Anti-Semitism in Schools and Society
- Black Church, Youth, and the Civil Rights Movement
- Christian Privilege in Schools and Society
- Common Schools Movement
- December Dilemma
- Engel v. Vitale (1962)
- Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
- Freedom of Speech, Fundamentalist Schools and
- Hate Crimes, Religion and
- Hate Crimes After September 11, 2001
- Houses of Worship, Terminology for
- Islam in Asian Education
- Islamophobia in U.S. Society and Schools, Recognizing and Countering
- Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
- New-England Primer, The
- Pluralism Project, The
- Private Religious Schools (Non-Muslim) in the Middle East
- Religion, Culture, and Education in the United States
- Religion, Curriculum Issues
- Religion, Teaching About in Schools
- Religion, the Courts, and Public Schools
- Religion and Sexuality, Intersections of
- Religion and Teaching in the College Classroom
- Religion in Public School Curricula in the Middle East
- Religious Holidays in U.S. Schools
- Religious Instruction, Religious Symbols, and Prayer in Public Schools in Europe
- Religious Minorities and Religious Schools in Europe
- Religious Orientation and Diversity
- Religious Pluralism
- Separation of Church and State
- Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
- United States, Islamic Schools in
- World's Parliament of Religions, 1893
- Achievement Gap
- Asian American Youth in Poverty
- At-Risk Students
- Cultural Capital
- Cultural Reproduction
- Culture of Poverty
- Digital Divide, Digital Learning, and Equal Access
- Diversity as a Class and Caste Issue
- Dropout
- Educational Stratification
- Empowerment Zones and Student Achievement
- Financial Aid and Access to Higher Education
- First-Generation College Students
- Hawaii, Asian American Hierarchy in
- Homeless Students
- Inequality of Educational Opportunity, Persistence of
- Intergenerational Transmission of Wealth
- Intersectionality of Race, Class, Gender, and Ethnicity
- Low-Income Students, Education of
- Low-Income Youth, Access to Education
- Middle East, Education of Working Children in
- Parental Human Capital and Education
- Private Schools and Equal Educational Opportunity, United States and South Africa
- Social Capital
- Social Class and Education
- Social Class and Gender
- Social Class Privilege and Education
- Social Hierarchy
- Social Reproduction
- Socioeconomic Integration and Segregation
- Suburban Schooling
- Undocumented Immigrants, Children of
- Unequal Childhoods
- United States, Education of Immigrants in
- Urban Underclass
- A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE® Institute
- Activity Theory, Teacher Education, and Diversity
- Administrator/Staff Training and Supervision for Schools With Diverse Student Populations
- Alternative Pathways Into Teaching
- Antiracist Training for Educators
- Bridging Cultures, Teacher Training Project
- Critical Race Theory, Teacher Education, and Diversity
- Culturally Responsive Assessment
- Diversifying the Teacher Workforce
- Diversity and Teacher Education Policy
- Diversity Training for Faculty, Staff, and Administrators
- Dysconscious Racism and Teacher Education
- Early Childhood Education, Teacher Preparation for Diversity in
- Elementary Education, Teacher Preparation for Diversity in
- English Language Learners, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Ethnic Diversity in Teacher Education
- Identity Theory, Teacher Education, and Diversity
- Immigrant Populations, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Indigenous Populations, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Internationalization of Teacher Education
- Literacy, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Mathematics, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Mentoring, Teacher Preparation Pedagogy
- Multicultural Teacher Education
- REACH Center
- Research on Diversity and Teacher Education
- Rural Schools, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- School Leadership for Diversity
- Science and Technology, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Social Justice and Teacher Education: Issues, Challenges, and a Theory
- Social Justice Teacher Education
- Special Education, Teacher Education, and Diversity
- Students With Special Needs, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Teacher Accreditation Programs: Accreditation and Diversity
- Teacher Education in the United States: Approaches to Improvement
- Teacher Educator Preparation for Diversity
- Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Teacher Preparation for Diversity, History and Social Studies
- Teacher Preparation Pedagogy, Child Study Approach
- Teacher Preparation Pedagogy, Community-Based
- Teacher Preparation Pedagogy, Critical Reflection and
- Teacher Preparation Pedagogy, Practitioner Research
- Urban Schools, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- White Teachers, Teacher Preparation for Diversity
- Academic Standards
- Achievement Gap
- Achievement Gap and Tracking, International Evidence
- Achievement Tests
- Advanced Placement Tests
- Alternative Assessments
- Aptitude Tests
- Assessment in Special and Inclusive Education
- Attitudes of Preschool Children, Implicit Measures of
- Basic Skills Testing
- Bias, Testing, and Assessment
- Campbell's Law
- Classroom Assessment and Diversity
- English Language Learners, Accommodations for in Testing
- Equity in Assessment
- Flynn Effect
- High-Stakes Testing
- Intelligence Testing
- Merit-Based and Need-Based College Admissions
- Opportunity-to-Learn Standards
- Standardized Testing and Standards
- Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
- Students With Disabilities, Accommodations for in Testing
- Students With Disabilities, Testing of
- Test Scores, Validity and Validation of
- Testing, Historical Development of
- Testing, Judicial Decisions on
- Testing, State Versus National
- Tests, Translation of
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