Ethnic Stratification and Diversity

Historical Context of Stratification

Ethnic stratification among ethnic groups can often be tied to the historical context of a nation. The ethnic groups most similar to the dominant group are often more highly ranked in a stratified society, [Page 836]and those that are considerably different are ranked lower. The lower ranked groups generally have a subordinate position to those of the dominant group. This comparison of ethnic groups is important in a culturally and ethnically diverse society. Historically, the United States has experienced an extremely high incidence of ethnic stratification. Much of the stratification of opportunities is tied to economic, social, political, and educational opportunities that have been provided to Whites, while non-White groups have had less access. Some researchers contend that ethnic stratification is a direct result of prejudice, racism, and discrimination based on ethnicity. Stratification of groups has existed within the United States since the mid-17th century. The separation of these groups has been largely tied to race and ethnicity. Researchers have documented the ways in which Native Americans were exploited, had their lands taken away from them, and were ultimately displaced. The enslavement of Africans and their subsequent exclusion from economic, political, educational, and social equality served as the foundation for further ethnic stratification. Subsequent efforts, which created a two-tiered social and economic spectrum, can be witnessed by the economic exploitation of Chinese immigrants, as well as the annexation of vast territories of northern Mexico following the U.S. victory in the U.S.–Mexican War, both occurring in the 19th century. Each of these events provides a historical context that offers insight into group position in the United States.

Responses to Stratification

The stratification of dominant and subordinate positions has resulted in a number of responses from subordinated groups. Reactions to subordination to a dominant group usually follow one of four basic responses: pluralistic, assimilationist, secessionist, or militant. According to psychologists and sociologists, the pluralistic approach is typically displayed by groups that have immigrated voluntarily to a particular country. In these cases, the group usually attempts to maintain their cultural integrity, while adopting various elements of the cultural framework of the country to which they have immigrated. In a sense, they seek to develop a bicultural orientation. Assimilationists are also generally voluntary immigrants. The assimilationist reaction is usually one wherein members of a group are willing to disconnect from many or most of its cultural norms, values, and social systems in order to fully immerse themselves and to comply with the cultural norms and values of the dominant culture and society. Examples of assimilation were witnessed at the beginning of the 20th century, as millions of eastern and southern Europeans immigrated to the United States in pursuit of economic opportunity, religious freedom, and political expression. These groups experienced intense prejudice and discrimination upon their arrival. In an effort to avoid harsh treatment from native-born Americans, many Europeans embraced American cultural norms, values, and customs to the exclusion of their own ethnic ideals and traditions.

...