El Chichón Eruption (1982)

In 1982, the El Chichón volcano erupted in Chiapas, Mexico, killing 2,000 people. It was the worst volcanic disaster in Mexico's recorded history.

Very little was known about this volcano, with few geological studies and little to no monitoring of activity. The eruptions were therefore a surprise to both [Page 156]scientists as well as government officials. Small earthquakes were felt in the region, causing the Chiapas government to request help from the federal government. The actions of all levels of government were slow, and no help was made available until after the eruptions were over.

Three powerful eruptions occurred over a one-week period beginning March 28 and ending April 4, 1982. The impact was felt in both Chiapas and the neighboring state of Tabasco. The initial eruption on March 28 caused a rapid and uncoordinated evacuation of people in surrounding villages. As the volcanic activity decreased over the next five days, many evacuees returned to their homes under direction of the authorities. On April 3–4, the most severe eruptions occurred, killing many of those who had returned to their homes. In addition to the deaths, nine villages were destroyed, and approximately 20,000 people were displaced.

Volcanic ash fell up to 125 miles away, causing closures of roads and airports as well as significant socioeconomic difficulties for residents of both Chiapas and Tabasco. The lava flow also resulted in the damming of the Magdalena River. When a lake of hot water formed and the temporary dam broke, sediment and hot water rushed downstream, resulting in additional injuries and one fatality.

The significance of this incident is reflected in the lives lost due to poor understanding of the threat and poor communication with the neighboring population. Decisions were made by those who had little understanding of the threat, and the public was poorly prepared to deal with the situation.