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In a chain or sequence of phenomena, the immediate action or event precipitating some subsequent response. proximate causes may appear to link events, while the ultimate cause is attributed to more distant factors that are not as conspicuous.

Michael A.UrbanUniversity of MissouriColin E.ThornUniversity of Illinois at
10.4135/9781446247501.n3138

GeistHJ and LambinEF (2002) Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation.BioScience52: 143150.
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