Entry
Reader's guide
Entries A-Z
Subject index
About the Editor
David Levinson is a well-known editor of major print reference publications and a respected cultural anthropologist specializing in contemporary social issues. For twenty years, he was the chief administrator at a major research institute at Yale University, and he has personally overseen and edited thirty-seven volumes—some 10 million words, or the equivalent of the Encyclopedia Britannica— in the past eight years. Levinson has a unique ability to synthesize and organize vast bodies of information. He has published widely on ethnicity, social problems, and human relationships and is “well known for his multivolume encyclopedic works that describe world cultures” (Choice 1998).
After completing his Ph.D. dissertation, a definitive study of cross-cultural research methods still in print as Toward Explaining Human Culture, Levinson was for twenty-one years on the staff, and later vice president, of the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) at Yale University. HRAF was founded in 1949 as a research institute that to collect, organize, and distribute information on the countries and cultures of the world. In addition to responsibility for book publishing program of HRAF, he helped to develop the CrossCultural CD and the Electronic HRAF and has acted as consultant on other electronic projects. He also holds a master's degree in public administration from New York University.
After leaving HRAF in 1995 to found Berkshire Reference Works with Karen Christensen, Levinson continued as a research associate and senior editor of American Immigrant Cultures, a project he had begun at HRAF as an extension of the Encyclopedia of World Cultures. His work as an anthropologist has focused on social problems and cross-cultural understanding. His first work, a study of the Bowery in New York, was published when he was still an undergraduate. He has published and taught on topics including ethnic relations, multiculturalism, substance abuse, homelessness, violence against women and children—including Family Violence in Cross-Cultural Perspective (Sage 1989). He has written dozens of scholarly articles, including the lead article in a UN Refugees issue on ethnic relations.
In 1992, he was a visiting scholar at the National Museum of Ethnology in Kyoto, Japan, and he has received research grants from the Connecticut Humanities Council and the National Institutes of Mental Health.
Levinson currently serves as Berkshire's president and project director for several major reference works in progress. These include the six-volume Encyclopedia of Modern Asia and three new volumes in the ongoing Religion & Society series: the Encyclopedia of Religion and War, the Encyclopedia of Religious Rituals, and the Encyclopedia of Religious Freedom. Berkshire is also at work on additional reference works for Sage, including the Encyclopedia of Community, the Encyclopedia of Leadership, and the Encyclopedia of Homelessness.
Other reference publications edited by Levinson include the Encyclopedia of Human Emotions, the Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, the Encyclopedia of Marriage and the Family, and the Encyclopedia of World Sport.
- Crimes and Related Behaviors
- Antisocial Behavior
- Armed Robbery
- Arson
- Art Theft and Fraud
- Assassination
- Assault
- Banditry
- Barroom Violence
- Blackmail
- Bribery
- Bullying
- Burglary
- Campus Crime
- Capital Crimes
- Career Criminals
- Carjacking
- Child Homicide
- Child Maltreatment
- Child Neglect
- Child Physical Abuse
- Child Sexual Abuse
- Civil Disobedience
- Civil Order Crime
- Collective Violence
- Consumer Fraud
- Corporate Crime
- Crime Classification Systems
- Crime Reports and Statistics
- Crimes Against Persons With Disabilities
- Criminal History
- Cybercrime
- Delinquency
- Digital Crime
- Driving Under the Influence
- Drug Millionaires
- Drug Trafficking
- Elder Abuse
- Environmental Crime
- Euthanasia
- Family Violence
- Fencing
- Feuding
- Forgery
- Fraud
- Gambling
- Gangs
- Genocide
- Graffiti
- Hate Crimes
- Homicide and Murder
- Identity Theft
- Illicit Antiquities
- Infanticide
- Juvenile Crime and War
- Kidnapping
- Mass Murder
- Militias
- Missing Children
- Modus Operandi
- Money Laundering
- Obscenity and Pornography
- Organized Crime—Global
- Organized Crime—United States
- Piracy, Intellectual Property
- Piracy, Sea
- Political Corruption
- Prostitution
- Race and Violence
- Rape
- Rape, Date and Marital
- Recidivism
- Religious Deviance
- Riots
- Road Rage
- Robbery
- Same-Sex Abuse
- School Violence
- Scientific Misconduct
- Securities Fraud
- Sexual Violence
- Shoplifting
- Sibling Violence
- Smuggling
- Spectator Violence
- Sport Violence
- Spree Murder
- Stalking
- Stranger Violence
- Student Threats
- Suicide
- Terrorism
- Vagrancy
- War Crimes
- Witchcraft
- Women as Offenders
- Women Who Kill
- Workplace Violence
- Law and Justice
- Adversarial Justice
- Alternative Dispute Resolution
- Appeal/Appellate
- Arraignment
- Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program
- Assembly-Line Justice
- Bail and Bond
- Cameras in the Courtroom
- Charge Attrition
- Child Witness
- Civil Law Legal Traditions
- Clemency
- Common Law Legal Traditions
- Community Justice Programs
- Community Prosecution
- Comparative Law and Justice
- Competency to Stand Trial
- Court Structure, Federal
- Court Structure, State
- Court Unification
- Criminal Defenses
- Criminal Insanity
- Criminal Justice
- Criminal Law
- Criminal Trial
- Customary Law
- Death Sentence Outcomes
- Defense Counsel Systems
- Determinate Sentences
- Differentiated Case Management
- Discretionary Justice
- Diversion Programs
- Domestic Violence Courts
- Drug Courts
- Drug Legalization
- Drug Treatment
- Due Process
- Entrapment
- Exclusionary Rule
- Expert Witness
- Eyewitness Testimony
- Family Court
- Family Strengthening Programs
- Fines
- Get-Tough Initiatives
- Grand Jury
- Gun Control
- Habitual Felony Laws
- Harm Reduction
- Human Rights
- Indeterminate Sentences
- Inquisitorial Justice
- Intensive Probation Supervision
- International Criminal Court
- Judicial Selection Process
- Jury Nullification
- Jury System
- Justice
- Juvenile Court
- Juvenile Justice
- Juvenile Offenders in Adult Courts
- Mandatory Sentencing
- Mercy
- Military Justice
- Miranda Rights
- Online Victimization of Youth
- Pardon
- Plea Bargaining
- Probation
- Procedural Justice
- Prosecutorial Discretion
- Public Defender
- Race and Sentencing
- Rehabilitation Model
- Reintegration Model
- Release on Own Recognizance
- Restorative Justice
- Retributive Justice
- Revenge, Retribution, and Rehabilitation
- Scared Straight Programs
- Selective Incapacitation
- Sentencing
- Sentencing Guidelines
- Speedy Trial Legislation
- Split Sentence
- United States Supreme Court
- Whistle-Blowing
- Wickersham Commission
- Wrongful Convictions
- Zero Tolerance Policing
- Policing
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, Bureau of
- Arrest Clearance
- Arrest Practices
- Broken Windows Theory
- Citizen Review
- Community Policing
- Comparative Policing
- Confession
- Counterterrorism
- Criminal Investigation
- Deadly Force
- Detective Work
- Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Foot Patrol
- Geographic Information Systems
- Geographic Profiling
- Homicide Investigation
- Hot Spot Policing
- House Arrest
- Informants
- Interrogation
- KGB
- Mandatory Arrest
- Neighborhood Watch Programs
- Net Widening
- Police Attitudes and Behavior
- Police Corruption
- Police Information Systems
- Police Organizations
- Police Privatization
- Police Pursuits
- Police Strategies and Operations
- Police Technology
- Police Training and Selection
- Police, Killing of
- Private Security
- Problem-Oriented Policing
- Race and Policing
- Racial Profiling
- Recreational Law Enforcement
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police
- Rural Law Enforcement
- Scotland Yard
- Surveillance Abuse
- Women and Policing
- Zero Tolerance Policing
- Forensics
- Anthropology, Forensic
- Cognitive Interview
- Crime Analysis
- Crime Laboratory
- Crime Scene Assessment
- Criminal Profiling
- Criminalistics
- Detection of Deception
- DNA Testing
- Firearms Identification
- Forensic Behavioral Sciences
- Forensic Interrogation
- Forensic Polygraph
- Forensic Science
- Hypnosis
- Medical Examiner
- Odontology
- Psychiatry, Forensic
- Psychology, Forensic
- Questioned Documents/Ink Dating
- Scientific Evidence
- Toxicology
- Voice Identification
- Voice Stress Analysis
- Corrections
- Abolitionism
- Alcatraz
- Attica
- Auburn State Prison
- Boot Camps
- Corrections
- Corrections Officers
- Day Release
- Death Row
- Death Row Inmates
- Devil's Island
- Early Release Programs
- Eastern State Penitentiary
- Electronic Monitoring
- Elmira Reformatory
- Furlough Programs
- Halfway House
- International Imprisonments
- Joliet Correctional Center
- Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary
- New Generation Jails
- Parole
- Penal Colonies
- Preventive Detention
- Prison Overcrowding
- Prison Reform
- Prison Riots
- Prison Systems
- Prison Violence
- Prisoner Literature
- Prisoner Rights
- Prisoners, Elderly
- Race and Corrections
- Religion in Prison
- San Quentin
- Sex Offender Treatment
- Shelters
- Shock Incarceration
- Sing Sing
- Supermax Prisons
- Tucker State Farm
- Women in Prison
- Work Release
- Victimology
- Juvenile Victimization and Offending
- National Crime Victimization Survey
- Online Victimization of Youth
- Repeat Victimization
- Victim Advocates
- Victim Needs and Services
- Victim Rights and Restitution
- Victim Theories
- Victim-Offender Mediation
- Victim/Witness Protection
- Victimization
- Victims' Bill of Rights
- Women as Victims
- Punishment
- Sociocultural Context and Popular Culture
- Alcohol
- Buddhism
- Christianity
- Cinema
- Comic Books
- Commercial Sex Industry
- Conduct Norms and Crime
- Costs of Crime
- Crime and Everyday Life
- Daoism
- Demography
- Discrimination in the Criminal Justice Workplace
- Drugs
- Environmental Design
- Ethics
- Ethnicity and Race
- Fear of Crime
- Financial Costs and Benefits of Crime Prevention
- Gated Communities
- Gender
- Gun Control
- Hinduism
- HIV/AIDS in Criminal Justice
- Islam
- Judaism
- Literature, Fiction
- Literature, True Crime
- Masculinity, Anger, and Violence
- Media
- Moral Panic
- Policing Democracy
- Political Corruption
- Prisoner Literature
- Public Housing
- Public Opinion
- Risk
- Security Management
- Sensation Seeking
- Shame and Guilt
- Shinto
- Social Class
- Television
- Video and Computer Games
- Vigilantism
- International
- Alternative Punishments in Sub-Saharan Africa
- Australia
- Buddhism
- Canada
- Caribbean
- China
- Christianity
- Comparative Law and Justice
- Comparative Policing
- Counterterrorism
- Daoism
- Europe, Central Eastern
- France
- Genocide
- Germany
- Great Britain
- Hinduism
- Human Rights
- India
- Indonesia
- International Criminal Court
- International Imprisonments
- Islam
- Italian Mafia
- Italy
- Japan
- Judaism
- Latin America, Crime and Violence in
- Mexico
- Organized Crime—Global
- Penal Colonies
- Piracy, Intellectual Property
- Piracy, Sea
- Policing Democracy
- Political Corruption
- Poverty
- Russia
- Shinto
- Singapore
- Smuggling
- South Pacific Islands
- Sub-Saharan Africa
- Terrorism
- War Crimes
- Witchcraft
- Women and Crime in a Global Perspective
- Concepts and Theories
- Attachment Theory
- Biocriminology
- Broken Windows Theory
- Cartographic School of Criminology
- Control Theories
- Crime as Pathology
- Crime Control Model
- Critical Criminology
- Culture Conflict and Crime
- Deterrence Theory
- Deviance
- Economic Theories of Crime
- Education and Employment
- Evolutionary Perspectives on Crime
- Experimental Criminology
- Feminist Theory
- Integrative Theories
- Life-Course Theories
- Nonintervention Model
- Peacemaking Criminology
- Radical Criminology
- Social Control Theory
- Social Learning Theories
- Sociological Theories
- Strain Theory
- Trait Theories
- Research Methods and Information
- Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics
- Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program
- Crime Classification Systems
- Crime Reports and Statistics
- Criminal Justice
- Criminology
- Ethnography of Crime and Punishment
- Information Systems
- National Crime Victimization Survey
- Self-Report Surveys
- Social Psychology
- Statistical Methods and Models
- Uniform Crime Reports
- Organizations and Institutions
- Alcatraz
- Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
- Appendix 3: Professional and Scholarly Associations
- Attica
- Auburn State Prison
- Devil's Island
- Eastern State Penitentiary
- Elmira Reformatory
- Federal Bureau of Investigation
- International Criminal Court
- Italian Mafia
- Joliet Correctional Center
- KGB
- Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police
- San Quentin
- Sing Sing
- Tucker State Farm
- United States Supreme Court
- Special Populations
- American Indians and Alaska Natives
- Animals in Criminal Justice
- Child Homicide
- Child Maltreatment
- Child Neglect
- Child Physical Abuse
- Child Sexual Abuse
- Child Witness
- Ethnicity and Race
- Homeless Men and Crime
- Homeless Women and Crime
- Infanticide
- Juvenile Court
- Juvenile Crime and War
- Juvenile Justice
- Juvenile Offenders in Adult Courts
- Juvenile Victimization and Offending
- Mentally Ill Offenders
- Military Justice
- Militias
- Missing Children
- Online Victimization of Youth
- Prisoners, Elderly
- School Violence
- Street Youth
- Student Threats
- Women and Crime in a Global Perspective
- Women and Policing
- Women as Offenders
- Women as Victims
- Women in Prison
- Women Who Kill
- Youth, At-Risk
- Youthful Offender
- Loading...
Get a 30 day FREE TRIAL
-
Watch videos from a variety of sources bringing classroom topics to life
-
Read modern, diverse business cases
-
Explore hundreds of books and reference titles
Sage Recommends
We found other relevant content for you on other Sage platforms.
Have you created a personal profile? Login or create a profile so that you can save clips, playlists and searches