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A neighborhood is a subsection of a larger community—a collection of people and institutions occupying a spatially defined area influenced by ecological, cultural, and sometimes political forces. A local community is best thought of not as a single entity, but rather as a hierarchy of progressively more inclusive residential groupings. In this sense, neighborhoods are ecological units nested in successively larger communities. In practice, most social scientists rely on “statistical” neighborhoods that depend on geographic boundaries defined by the U.S. Census Bureau (census tracts, block groups) or other administrative agencies (school districts, police districts). Although administratively defined units such as census tracts and block groups are reasonably consistent with the notion of overlapping and nested ecological structures, they offer imperfect definitions of neighborhoods for research and policy.

American and British Ideas of Being Neighborly

The following extract of text is from British writer Francis Trollope's Domestic Manners of the Americans, a report of her life in the United States from 1827 to 1831. Putting aside her condescending tone, one can easily see the different attitudes the British and Americans had about being friendly neighbors.

The extraordinary familiarity of our poor neighbors startled us at first, and we hardly knew how to receive their uncouth advances, or what was expected of us in return; however, it sometimes produced very laughable scenes. Upon one occasion two of my children set off upon an exploring walk up the hills; they were absent rather longer than we excepted, and the rest of our party determined upon going out to meet them; we knew the direction they had taken, but thought it would be as well to enquire at a little public-house at the bottom of the hill, if such a pair had been seen to pass. A woman, whose appearance more resembled a Covent Garden market-woman than any thing else I can remember, came out and answered my question with the most jovial good humour in the affirmative, and prepared to join us in our search. Her look, her voice, her manner, were so exceedingly coarse and vehement, that she almost frightened me; she passed her arm within mine, and to the inexpressible amusement of my young people, she dragged me on, talking and questioning me without ceasing. She lived a short distance from us, and I am sure intended to be a very good neighbor; but her violent intimacy made me dread to pass her door; my children, including my sons, she always addressed by their Christian names, excepting when she substituted the word “honey;” this familiarity of address, however, I afterwards found was universal throughout all ranks in the United States.

Trollope, Fanny. (1984). Domestic Manners of the Americans. London: Alan Sutton Publishing, pp. 70–71. (Originally published in 1832)

Variations in Neighborhoods

Despite these problems in operational definition, research has consistently shown that social characteristics vary widely and systematically across neighborhoods along dimensions of socioeconomic status (poverty, wealth, occupational attainment), family structure and life cycle (female-headed households, child density), residential stability (homeownership and tenure), and racial or ethnic composition (racial segregation). Stratification by place is deep and pervasive.

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