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For prisoners returning to the community, families often represent both an invaluable reentry asset and a potential source of tremendous detrimental pressure. Returning prisoners commonly rely on family to overcome initial reentry obstacles. For instance, prisoners' families routinely provide their newly released loved ones housing, a job, and financial support. However, while many families are assuredly elated when one of their members returns from a period of incarceration, there are also several struggles that plague the reconnected familial unit. Many former prisoners often return to live with family members who have had to endure significant financial and emotional strains during the returning prisoner's incarceration. In addition, former prisoners are typically in financial disarray upon release, prompting them to perhaps unrealistically expect family members to fund a lengthy period of readjustment. Finally, most former prisoners are subject to the rules and regulations of supervised release. Such restrictions are usually burdensome, leading some families to question their decision to house a family member just home from jail or prison.

Family Support

Currently, U.S. prisons and jails house almost 2 million Americans, many of whom will eventually return to the community. For example, in 2002, more than 600,000 prisoners reentered society after a term of incarceration. In But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry, reentry scholar Jeremy Travis notes that prisoners' families are perhaps the most significant factor in successful reintegration and that returning prisoners are well aware of the importance of family support. Studies have shown that most prisoners are exceedingly optimistic about reestablishing family ties upon their release from prison. Moreover, research demonstrates that, prior to release, many prisoners actively plan to rely on family for housing, employment, and financial support. Research also shows that, in many instances, prisoners' families do ultimately provide this expected support.

In When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry, prominent reentry scholar Joan Petersilia cites research focused on returning prisoners' first 30 days of freedom. The research found that a majority of returning prisoners live with family upon release. Researchers conducting the study also discovered that, in most instances, families aid returning prisoners by providing assistance with immediate financial responsibilities, employment searches, and efforts to abstain from alcohol and drugs. Although empirical data on the success of returning prisoners who receive familial support are sparse, the research that does exist seems to suggest that prisoners who rejoin the family unit make a smoother transition from prison to free society. For instance, Petersilia points to research indicating that incarcerated men who maintain strong family ties and who assume family roles upon release enjoy greater measures of reentry success than their counterparts. Travis also cites empirical data showing a strong correlation between the strength of the family unit and the eventual success of a returning prisoner. As a result, many jurisdictions now pursue policies aimed at enhancing the family structures that serve as support networks for returning prisoners.

Family Strain

While they often help facilitate successful reentry, families can also represent a source of great strain for returning prisoners. Incarceration can cause tremendous tensions within a family—tensions directly resulting from economic and emotional sacrifices that accompany a period of imprisonment. Families often expect immediate household contributions from returning prisoners, yet returning prisoners can face significant barriers to finding work. Moreover, a period of incarceration spawns lasting psychological effects, some of which can make meaningful reintegration into a family difficult if not impossible. In addition, almost all returning prisoners must cope with the regulations of parole or probation. These regulations uniformly impact those with whom returning prisoners reside, creating yet another level of tension with which reunited families must contend.

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