The Reader's Guide is provided to assist readers in locating articles on related topics. It classifies articles into 17 general topical categories: Advertising; Advocacy Groups; Books and Print Media; Computers and Electronic Media; Cross-Cultural Perspectives; Developmental Stages; Gender and Sexuality; Media Education; Media Effects; Media Use; Movies; Music; Public Policy; Research Methods; Television; Theories; and Violence and Aggression. Entries may be listed under more than one topic.

• Advertising

• Adult Mediation of Advertising Effects
• Advertising, Host Selling and
• Advertising, Purchase Requests and
• Advertising, Sexuality in
• Advertising, Viewer Age and
• Aggression, Advertising and
• Alcohol Advertising, Effects of
• Alcohol Advertising, International
• Branding
• Cigarette Advertising, Effects of
• Cigarette Advertising, History of
• Consumer Development, Phases of
• Consumerism
• Contraceptive Advertising
• Designated Driver Advertising Campaigns
• Federal Communications Commission, Advertising and
• Food Advertising, Content in
• Food Advertising, Eating Disorders and
• Food Advertising, Gender, Ethnicity, and Age
• Food Advertising, Influence of
• Food Advertising, International
• Food Advertising, Regulation of
• Food Advertising, Obesity and
• Food Advertising to Children
• Food and Beverage Advertising in Schools
• Licensing, Merchandising and
• Product Placements, Alcohol
• Product Placements, Cigarettes
• Product Placements, Food
• Promotional Tie-Ins
• Purchase Influence Attempts
• Relationship Marketing
• Schools, Advertising/Marketing in
• Sponsored Educational Material (SEM)
• Tobacco Advertising, International
• Tweens, Advertising Targeting of
• Viral Marketing

• Advocacy Groups

• Action for Children's Television (ACT)
• Advertising Council, The
• American Academy of Pediatrics
• Center for Media Education (CME)
• Children Now
• Children's Advertising Review Unit (CARU)
• Children's Television Charter
• International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth, and Media
• Internet Watch Foundation
• Kaiser Family Foundation
• Media Advocacy
• Media Education Foundation
• Media Matters Campaign
• Motherhood Project
[Page xvi]
• National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
• National Commission on Adolescent Sexual Health
• Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC)
• Prix Jeunesse Foundation
• United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
• White House Office of National Drug Control Policy
• World Summits on Children and Television

• Books and Print Media

• Books for Adolescents
• Books for Children
• Comic Books, Superheroes in
• Comics, Daily Newspaper
• Comic Strips, Gender Stereotypes in
• Gender Roles in Magazines
• Literacy
• Magazines, Adolescent Boys'
• Magazines, Adolescent Girls'
• Magazines, Children's
• Manga (Japanese Comic Books)
• Narrative Stories
• News, Children's Exposure to
• News, Children's Responses to
• Pornography, Magazines
• Reading, History of
• Reading, Impact of TV on
• Reading, Literacy and
• Reading, Patterns of
• Sexual Information, Teen Magazines and
• Zines

• Computers and Electronic Media

• Anime
• Chat Rooms
• Chat Rooms, Social and Linguistic Processes in
• Cognitive Development, Media and
• Cognitive Skills, Computer Use and
• Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)
• Computer Use, Age Differences in
• Computer Use, Gender and
• Computer Use, International
• Computer Use, Rates of
• Computer Use, Socialization and
• Computer Use in Schools
• Contraceptive Information, Online
• Digital Divide
• Digital Literacy
• E-Commerce
• Electronic Games, Addiction to
• Electronic Games, Age and
• Electronic Games, Cognitive Effects of
• Electronic Games, Cognitive Scripts and
• Electronic Games, Effects of
• Electronic Games, Gender and
• Electronic Games, High-Risk Players of
• Electronic Games, History of
• Electronic Games, International
• Electronic Games, Moral Behavior in
• Electronic Games, Positive Uses of
• Electronic Games, Rates of Use of
• Electronic Games, Types of
• Electronic Games, Violence in
• Email
• Email Pen Pals
• Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)
• Instant Messaging
• Internet Bulletin Boards
• Internet Rating Systems
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
• Internet Use, Addiction to
• Internet Use, Age and
• Internet Use, Education and
• Internet Use, Gambling in
• Internet Use, Gender and
• Internet Use, HomeNet Study and
• Internet Use, International
• Internet Use, Positive Effects of
• Internet Use, Psychological Effects
• Internet Use, Rates and Purposes of
• Internet Use, Social
• Knowledge Gap
• Language, Impact of the Internet on
• Mobile Telephones
• Multimedia Toys
• Multi-User Dungeons/Domains (MUDs)
• Online Media, Agency and
• Online Relationships
• Personal Web Pages
• Pornography, Internet
• Regulation, Electronic Games
• Regulation, Internet
• Sex, Internet Solicitation of
• Sexual Information, Internet and
• Sticky Marketing
• Virtual Reality
• Webcams
• Websites, Children's
• Zines
[Page xvii]

• Cross-Cultural Perspectives

• African Americans, Media Effects on
• African Americans, Media Images of
• African Americans, Media Use by
• Anime
• Asia, Media Use in
• China, Media Use in
• Cultural Identity
• Electronic Games, International
• Entertainment-Education, International
• Ethnicity, Race, and Media
• Ethnicity/Race, Media Effects on Identity
• Ethnicity/Race, Stereotyping
• Europe, Media Use in
• European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
• European Comparative Study
• Globalization, Media and
• Immigrants, Media Use by
• India, Media Use in
• Indigenous Media
• Japan, Media in
• Latin America, Media Use in
• Latina/os, Media Effects on
• Latina/os, Media Images of
• Latina/os, Media Use by
• Manga (Japanese Comic Books)
• Native Americans, Media Use by
• Obscenity
• Television, International Viewing Patterns and
• Tobacco Advertising, International
• UNESCO Violence Study
• Youth Culture

• Developmental Stages

• Adolescents, Developmental Needs of, and Media
• Adolescents, Media Portrayals of
• Adolescents, Movie Portrayals of
• Childhood, Media Portrayals of
• Cognitive Development, Media and
• Developmental Differences, Media and
• Family Communication Patterns Model
• Heroes, Identity, and Parasocial Interaction
• Infants and Toddlers, Developmental Needs of
• Infants and Toddlers, Media Exposure of
• Information Processing, Developmental Differences and
• Parenting Styles
• Preschoolers, Media Impact on Developmental Needs of
• School-Age Children, Impact of the Media on
• Teenager, History of
• Tweens, Media Preferences of

• Gender and Sexuality

• Advertising, Gender and
• Advertising in Girls' Magazines
• Body Image in Boys and Young Men
• Body Image in Girls and Young Women
• Boy Bands
• Cartoons, Gender Representation in
• Comic Strips, Gender Stereotypes in
• Computer Use, Gender and
• Contraceptive Advertising
• Contraceptive Information, Online
• Contraceptive Information, Television and
• Electronic Games, Gender and
• Engaged Resistance
• Fathers, Media Portrayals of
• Food Advertising, Gender, Ethnicity, and Age
• Gender, Media Use and
• Gender Identity Development
• Gender Roles in Magazines
• Gender Roles in Music
• Gender Roles on Television
• Gender Roles in Television Commercials
• Hip Hop, Female Performers of
• Hip Hop, Masculinity in
• Hip Hop, Portrayals of Women in
• HIV/AIDS, Media Prevention Programs and
• Internet Use, Gender and
• Magazines, Adolescent Boys'
• Magazines, Adolescent Girls'
• Mothers, Media Portrayals of
• Music Listening, Gender Effects on
• Natural Experiments, Impact on Gender Roles
• Schemas/Scripts, Gender
• Schemas/Scripts, Sexual
• Sex, Internet Solicitation of
• Sex, Media Impact on
• Sex in Television, Content Analysis of
• Sex in Television, Incidence and Themes
• Sex in Television, Perceived Realism of
• Sexual Content, Age and Comprehension of
• Sexual Information, Internet and
• Sexual Information, Teen Magazines and
• Sexual Minorities, Portrayals of
• Sexual Risk and Responsibility, Portrayals of
[Page xviii]
• Sexualization of Children
• Sexualized Violence
• Soap Operas, Sexuality in

• Media Education

• Adult Mediation Strategies
• Cartoons, Educational
• Commercial Television and Radio in Schools
• Digital Literacy
• Educational Television, Effects of
• Educational Television, History of
• Educational Television, Programming in
• Electronic Games, Positive Uses of
• Entertainment-Education, International
• Entertainment-Education in the United States
• Language Learning, Television and
• Media Education, Family Involvement in
• Media Education, International
• Media Education, Political Socialization and
• Media Education, Schools and
• Media Education Foundation
• Media Literacy, Aims and Purposes of
• Media Literacy, Approaches to
• Media Literacy, Key Concepts in
• Media Literacy Programs
• Natural Experiments, Impact on Creativity and School Achievement
• Sesame Workshop
• Social Learning Theory/Social Cognitive Theory
• Television, Moral Messages on
• Television, Prosocial Content and

• Media Effects

• Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Body Image, Ethnicity/Race and
• Body Image in Boys and Young Men
• Body Image in Children
• Body Image in Girls and Young Women
• Child-Centered vs. Media-Centered Perspectives
• Childhood, Media Portrayals of
• Cognitive Development, Media and
• Developmental Differences, Media and
• Divided Attention, Parallel Processing and
• Drug Use, Depictions of
• Drug Use, Prevention of
• Eating Disorders
• Eating Habits, Media Influence on
• Family Environment, Media Effects on
• Fantasy, Media Effects on
• Fear Reactions
• Globalization, Media and
• Imagination, Effects of Television on
• Interactive Media
• Loneliness
• Mean World Syndrome
• Media, Meanings of
• Media Celebrities
• Media Education, Political Socialization and
• Media Effects
• Media Effects, Family Interactions and
• Media Effects, History of Research on
• Media Effects, Maltreated Children and
• Media Effects, Models of
• Television, Moral Messages in
• Natural Experiments, Impact on Community Activities
• Natural Experiments, Impact on Creativity and School Achievement
• Obesity
• Obscenity
• Parasocial Interaction
• Peer Groups, Impact of Media on
• Physiological Arousal

• Media Use

• African Americans, Media Use by
• Asia, Media Use in
• Bedrooms, Media Use in
• Child-Centered vs. Media-Centered Perspectives
• China, Media Use in
• Cognitive Development, Media and
• Depression, Media Use and
• Developmental Differences, Media and
• Divided Attention, Parallel Processing and
• Electronic Media, Children's Use of
• Europe, Media Use in
• Gender, Media Use and
• Globalization, Media and
• Immigrants, Media Use by
• India, Media Use in
• Indigenous Media
• Individual Differences, Media Preferences and
• Information Processing, Active vs. Passive Models of
• Interactive Media
• Japan, Media in
• Latin America, Media Use in
[Page xix]
• Latina/os, Media Use by
• Loneliness
• Media, Future of
• Media, Meanings of
• Media Celebrities
• Media Education, Political Socialization and
• Media Effects
• Media Effects, Maltreated Children and
• Media Entertainment
• Media Exposure
• Media Genre Preferences
• Media Journals
• Mood Management Theory
• Multitasking
• Native Americans, Media Use by
• Parasocial Interaction
• Peer Groups, Influences on Media Use of
• Peer Groups, Joint Use of Media in
• Physiological Arousal
• Selectivity
• Sensation Seeking
• Television, Moral Messages on

• Movies

• Adolescents, Movie Portrayals of
• Aggression, Movies and
• Cigarette Use in Television and Movies
• Disney
• Drug Use, Depictions of
• Horror Films
• Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)
• Movies, History of
• Movies, Perceived Realism of
• Movies, Rating Systems and
• Movies, Romantic Love in
• Movies, Sexuality in
• Movies, Substance Use in
• Movies, Violence in
• Movie Viewing, Adolescents'
• Movie Viewing, Children's
• Pornography, Movies
• Pornography, X-Rated Movies and
• Regulation, Movies

• Music

• Boy Bands
• Cigarette Use, Music Videos and
• Fan Cultures
• Gender Roles in Music
• Hip Hop, Ethnicity/Race in
• Hip Hop, Female Performers of
• Hip Hop, Masculinity in
• Hip Hop, Portrayals of Women in
• Hip Hop, Violence in
• Hip Hop, Youth Culture and
• Music Genres, Dance/House/Techno
• Music Genres, Heavy Metal
• Music Genres, Hip Hop
• Music Genres, History of
• Music Genres, Pop/Rock
• Music Listening, Age Effects on
• Music Listening, Gender Effects on
• Music Listening, Impact of
• Music Listening, Problem Behavior and
• Music Listening, Uses of
• Music Lyrics, Effects of
• Music Lyrics, Music Television and
• Music Videos, Amount of Viewing and
• Music Videos, Effects of
• Peer Groups, File Sharing Among
• Radio, History of
• Radio, International
• Radio, Listeners' Age and Use of
• Raves
• Regulation, Music

• Public Policy

• Advertising, Regulation of
• Anti-Drug Media Campaigns
• Children's Advertising Review Unit (CARU)
• Children's Internet Protection Act of 2000 (CIPA)
• Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA)
• Children's Television Act of 1990
• Children's Television Charter
• Designated Driver Advertising Campaigns
• European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
• Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Advertising and
• Federal Communications Commission, Deregulation of Children's Programming and
• Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
• First Amendment
• Food Advertising, Regulation of
• Food and Beverage Advertising in Schools
• Internet Blocking
[Page xx]
• Internet Content Rating Association (ICRA)
• Internet Rating Systems
• Language, Impact of the Internet on
• Licensing, Merchandising and
• Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)
• Parental Advisory Labels and Rating Systems
• Pornography, Regulation of
• Pornography, U.S. Public Policy on
• Regulation, Electronic Games
• Regulation, Industry Self-Regulation
• Regulation, Internet
• Regulation, Movies
• Regulation, Music
• Regulation, Radio
• Regulation, Television
• Relationship Marketing
• Sex, Internet Solicitation of
• Telecommunications Act of 1996
• UNESCO Violence Study
• United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
• V-Chip (Violence Chip)
• White House Office of National Drug Control Policy
• World Summits on Children and Television

• Research Methods

• Experience Sampling Method (ESM)
• Media Journals
• Natural Experiments, Impact on Community Activities
• Natural Experiments, Impact on Creativity and School Achievement
• Natural Experiments, Impact on Gender Roles
• Notel, Unitel, Multitel Study
• Research Methods, Children and
• Research Methods, Content Analyses
• Research Methods, Ethical Issues in
• Research Methods, Ethnography
• Research Methods, Experimental Studies
• Research Methods, Field Studies
• Research Methods, Longitudinal Studies
• Research Methods, Meta-Analyses
• Research Methods, Natural Experiments
• Research Methods, Qualitative
• Research Methods, Questionnaires and Surveys
• Research Methods, Room Touring
• Sex in Television, Content Analysis of
• Violence, Experimental Studies of
• Violence, Longitudinal Studies of
• Violence, Meta-Analyses of
• Violence, Natural Experiments and

• Television

• British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
• Cartoons, Educational
• Cartoons, Gender Representation in
• Cartoons, History of
• Cartoons, Violence in
• Cigarette Use in Television and Movies
• Commercial Television and Radio in Schools
• Commercial Television in Schools: Channel One
• Contraceptive Information, Television and
• Coviewing
• Daytime Talk Shows
• Disney
• Drug Use, Depictions of
• Educational Television, Effects of
• Educational Television, History of
• Educational Television, Programming in
• European Comparative Study
• Family, Television Portrayals of
• Family Relationships, Television and
• Fantasy–Reality Distinction
• Forbidden Fruit Hypothesis
• Formal Features
• Gender Roles on Television
• Gender Roles in Television Commercials
• Imagination, Effects of Television on
• Language Learning, Television and
• Music Lyrics, Music Television and
• Music Videos, Amount of Viewing and
• Music Videos, Effects of
• National Television Violence Study
• News, Children's Exposure to
• News, Children's Responses to
• News, Portrayals of Children and Adolescents in
• Notel, Unitel, Multitel Study
• Profanity, Trends in
• Promotional Tie-Ins
• Reading, Impact of TV on
• Reality TV
• Regulation, Television
• Sesame Workshop
• Sex in Television, Content Analysis of
• Sex in Television, Incidence and Themes
• Sex in Television, Perceived Realism of
• Sitcoms
• Soap Operas, Content Analyses of
[Page xxi]
• Soap Operas, Effects of
• Soap Operas, Sexuality in
• Sports Television
• Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior
• Talk Shows, Children and Adolescents
• Television, Addiction to
• Television, Attention and
• Television, History of Children's Programs on
• Television, International Viewing Patterns and
• Television, moral messages on
• Television morality and Identification with characters on
• Television, Motivations for Viewing of
• Television, Occupational Portrayals on
• Television, Prosocial Behavior and
• Television, Prosocial Content and
• Television, Viewer Age and
• Television Rating Systems
• Television Rating Systems, Parental Uses of
• Television Violence
• Television Violence, Susceptibility to
• TV-Turnoff Week
• V-Chip (Violence Chip)
• World Summits on Children and Television

• Theories

• Agenda Cutting
• Agenda Setting
• Appreciation Index
• Arousal Theories
• Catharsis Theory
• Child-Centered vs. Media-Centered Perspectives
• Cognitive Script Theory
• Cuing and Priming
• Cultivation Theory
• Desensitization Effects
• Displacement Effect
• Excitation-Transfer Theory
• Externalizing Behavior
• Forbidden Fruit Hypothesis
• Formal Features
• General Aggression Model (GAM)
• Information Processing, Active vs. Passive Models of
• Interactivity
• Intertextuality
• Mean World Syndrome
• Media Practice Model
• Message Interpretation Process Model
• Physiological Arousal
• Priming Theory
• Schema Theory
• Schemas/Scripts, Aggressive
• Schemas/Scripts, Gender
• Schemas/Scripts, Sexual
• Selective Exposure
• Selectivity
• Social Class
• Social Learning Theory/Social Cognitive Theory
• Socialization and Media
• Super-Peer Theory
• Third-Person Effect
• Uses and Gratifications Theory

• Violence and Aggression

• Adult Mediation of Violence Effects
• Aggression, Advertising and
• Aggression, Electronic Games and
• Aggression, Movies and
• Aggression, Music and
• Aggression, Music Videos and
• Aggression, Television and
• Cartoons, Violence in
• Desensitization Effects
• Electronic Games, Violence in
• Fear Reactions
• General Aggression Model (GAM)
• Hip Hop, Violence in
• Movies, Violence in
• Music, Impact of Violence in
• Schemas/Scripts, Aggressive
• Sexualized Violence
• Television Violence
• Television Violence, Susceptibility to
• UNESCO Violence Study
• V-Chip (Violence Chip)
• Violence, Desensitization Toward
• Violence, Effects of
• Violence, Experimental Studies of
• Violence, Extent of and Responses to
• Violence, Historical Trends and
• Violence, Industry Stance on
• Violence, Longitudinal Studies of
• Violence, Marketing and
• Violence, Meta-Analyses of
• Violence, Natural Experiments and
• World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)
[Page xxii]