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Behavioral Analytic Approach to Supervision
Description of the Strategy
With the growing prominence of the empirically supported treatment movement, there has been an increasing emphasis in some training models to base training on diagnosis and selection of treatment from the growing list of supported treatments. Training therapists in empirically supported treatments is still not normative, but the trend appears to be growing. There is no clearly agreed upon method of training therapists in these treatments, but often training follows the pattern of introducing the rationale or theory behind the treatment, observing tapes of the procedure, studying a manual that generally describes what is to be done in each session, and then practicing until the therapist meets some adherence criterion. Adherence to a treatment manual is generally judged according to some coding system that assesses whether the therapist is engaging in prescribed behaviors for each session. In some instances, coding systems also proscribe certain behaviors not consistent with the treatment model.
In some instances, empirically supported treatment coding systems include measures of competence as well as adherence. Adherence refers to conforming to the prescribed elements of the treatment at the correct time according to the protocol. Competence refers to the level of skill of the therapist conducting the specific therapy. Competence implies delivering the treatment in a manner to maximize effectiveness of the intervention. However, elements that comprise competence are not well specified.
Clinical Behavior Analysis
In addition to empirically supported treatments gaining prominence, clinical behavior analysis has also evolved over the last 15 years. The scope of behavior analysis has broadened to address clinical issues that have traditionally been the province of clinical psychology. This has presented challenges to the behavior analyst in determining how to apply the principles of contingency management to adult outpatient populations, where the degree of control over the environment is considerably less than in the institutional settings where behavior analysis has traditionally had so much success.
Training therapists in how to apply behavior change principles to more traditional behavioral problems presents interesting challenges. Some supervision issues are the same regardless of the type of therapy or behavior change model employed, while others are uniquely important to a behavior-analytic training model. In any professional training program, therapists can be expected to initially lack confidence and closely follow the advice of supervisors and engage in imitative behavior. Behavior-analytic supervision is particularly attentive to trying to minimize elements of these imitative behaviors. Other stages of training involve the mastery of the basic learning theory and the principles of behavior change, the ability to recognize how these principles manifest themselves in clinical settings, establishing oneself as a mediator of change during therapy, and finally, to analyze and implement change strategies in a flexible manner that is driven by data and an assessment of effectiveness, rather than following highly structured session plans.
Understanding the Principles of Behavior Change
Clinical behavior analysis assumes that behavior change in therapy is accomplished by application of the same learning principles that shape any human learning. Thus, therapists focus on understanding the experimental analysis of human behavior with training in understanding verbal behavior. In addition, the supervision process emphasizes the active role the therapist assumes in the change process. Behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy also describe the therapist as taking an active role in therapy, but in those cases, that means that the therapist sets an agenda, assigns homework, and has change as an explicit goal of therapy rather than only insight and understanding. In clinical behavior analysis, it means that the therapist is an active mediator of the reinforcers of behavior change.
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- Assessment - Adult Clinical Applications
- Behavioral Case Formulation
- Behavioral Working Alliance
- Behaviorology
- Computers and Behavioral Assessment
- Descriptive and Functional Analyses
- Intensive Behavior Therapy Unit
- Philosophical Aspects of Behaviorism
- Private Events
- Private Practice of Behavioral Treatment
- Psychoneuroimmunology
- Role Playing
- Self-Monitoring
- Setting Events
- Termination
- Therapeutic Relationship
- Treatment Compliance in Cognitive Behavior Therapy
- Assessment - Child Clinical Applications
- Assessment - Educational Applications
- ABC Charts and Scatterplots
- Archival Records
- Behavior Rating Scales
- Behavioral Assessment
- Behavioral Assessment Interviews
- Behavioral Consultation
- Behavioral Observations (Event/Interval)
- Changing Criterion Design
- Curriculum-Based Assessment
- Direct Observation
- Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS)
- Early-Risk Screening for School-Related Behavior Disorders
- Functional Behavioral Assessment of Problem Behavior
- Individualized Education Program (IEP)
- Program Evaluation
- Rate and Frequency
- Standard Celeration Chart System
- Trend Line
- Visual Analysis of Graphic Data
- Autobiographies and Biographies - Adult Clinical Applications
- Agras, W. Stewart
- Azrin, Nathan H.
- Barlow, David H.
- Beck, Aaron T.
- Bellack, Alan S.
- Cautela, Joseph R.
- Davison, Gerald C.
- Emmelkamp, Paul M. G.
- Foa, Edna B.
- Franks, Cyril M.
- Goldiamond, Israel
- Hersen, Michel
- Kanfer, Frederick H.
- Kazdin, Alan E.
- Lazarus, A. A.
- Lewinsohn, Peter A.
- Marks, Isaac M.
- Marshall, William L.
- Meichenbaum, Donald H.
- Miltenberger, Raymond G.
- Paul, Gordon L.
- Pavlov, Ivan P.
- Skinner, Burrhus Frederic
- Suinn, Richard M.
- Turner, Samuel M.
- Wolpe, Joseph
- Biographies - Child Clinical Applications
- Biographies - Educational Applications
- Major Techniques - Adult Clinical Applications
- Anger Management
- Anxiety/Anger Management Training
- Applied Relaxation and Tension
- Behavioral Approaches to Schizophrenia
- Behavioral Approaches to Sexual Deviation
- Behavioral Assessment
- Behavioral Gerontology
- Behavioral Group Work
- Behavioral Medicine
- Behavioral Treatment for Aggression in Couples
- Behavioral Treatment for the Addictions
- Behavioral Weight Control Treatments
- Biofeedback
- Cognitive Behavior Therapy
- Coping With Depression
- Coverant Control
- Covert Sensitization Conditioning
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy
- Eating Disorders
- Electrical Aversion
- Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
- Flooding
- Functional Analytic Psychotherapy
- Manualized Behavior Therapy
- Memory Rehabilitation After Traumatic Brain Injury
- Modeling
- Motivational Interviewing
- Multimodal Behavior Therapy
- Operant Conditioning
- Organizational Behavior Management
- Panic Control Treatment
- Pharmacotherapy and Behavior Therapy
- Private Practice of Behavioral Treatment
- Progressive Muscular Relaxation
- Psychoneuroimmunology
- Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
- Relapse Prevention
- Relaxation Strategies
- Role Playing
- Self-Control Therapy
- Self-Management
- Social Skills Training
- Stampfl's Therapist Directed Implosive (Flooding) Therapy
- Systematic Desensitization
- Termination
- Therapeutic Relationship
- Token Economy
- Trauma Management Therapy
- Treatment Compliance in Cognitive Behavior Therapy
- Major Techniques - Child Clinical Applications
- Adolescent Anger Management
- Antecedent Control Procedures
- Anxiety Management
- Assertiveness Training
- Aversive Conditioning
- Avoidance Training
- Behavior Management for Improving Academic and Classroom Behavior
- Behavioral Consultation
- Behavioral Contracting
- Behavioral Family Therapy
- Behavioral Group Therapy With Children and Youth
- Behavioral Weight Control Therapy With Children
- Bell and Pad Bladder Training
- Biofeedback
- Cognitive Restructuring
- Contingency Management
- Counterconditioning
- Discrete Trial Therapy
- Drug Abuse Prevention Strategies
- Exposure and Response Prevention
- Extinction
- Flooding
- Full-Spectrum Home Training for Simple Bed-Wetting
- Function Communication Training
- Habit Reversal
- In Vivo Desensitization
- Life Skills Training
- Manualized Behavior Therapy
- Modeling
- Multisystemic Therapy
- Negative Reinforcement
- Overcorrection
- Pain Management
- Parent Training
- Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
- Peer Intervention
- Pharmacotherapy
- Point System
- Positive Reinforcement
- Premack Principle
- Punishment
- Relapse Prevention
- Relaxation Training in Children
- Response Blocking
- Response Cost
- Self-Injury and Suicide
- Shaping
- Social and Interpersonal Skills Training
- Social Competence Treatment: Externalizing Disorders
- Sport Skill Training
- Systematic Desensitization With Children and Adolescents
- Time-Out
- Token Economy
- Major Techniques - Educational Applications
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Behavior Management
- Classroom Management
- Direct Instruction
- Direct Instruction Mathematics
- Function-Based Approach to Behavior Support: Logic, Practices, and Systems
- Functional Analysis
- Person-Centered Planning
- Positive Behavior Support
- Progress Monitoring: Conceptual, Methodological, and Practical Applications
- School Emergency Procedures
- Schoolwide Discipline
- Single-Subject Research Design
- Wraparound
- Minor Techniques - Adult Clinical Applications
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
- Applied Tension
- Arousal Training
- Autogenic Training
- Aversion Relief
- Behavior Activation
- Behavior Rehearsal
- Behavioral Approaches to Gambling
- Behavioral Assessment
- Behavioral Contracting
- Behavioral Treatment of Cigarette Smoking
- Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia
- Behaviorology
- Bibliotherapy
- Breathing Retraining
- Cognitive Behavior Therapy With Religious Beliefs and Practices
- Cognitive Restructuring
- Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Bipolar Disorder
- Competing Response Training
- Controlled Drinking
- Covert Positive Reinforcement
- Covert Rehearsal
- Covert Reinforcer Sampling
- Cue-Controlled Relaxation
- Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior
- Exposure
- Extinction and Habituation
- Group Behavioral Therapy for Depression
- Guided Mastery
- Habit Reversal
- Homework
- Intensive Behavior Therapy Unit
- Job Club Method
- Masturbatory Retraining
- Mindfulness Meditation
- Motivational Enhancement Therapy
- Noncontingent Reinforcement
- Orgasmic Reconditioning
- Overcorrection
- Paradoxical Intention
- Person-Centered Planning
- Private Practice of Behavioral Treatment
- Problem-Solving Therapy
- Reinforcement
- Relational Frame Therapy
- Response Prevention
- Schedule-Induced Behavior
- Self-Control
- Self-Control Desensitization
- Self-Monitoring
- Self-Statement Modification
- Setting Events
- Shadowing
- Social Effectiveness Training
- Spouse-Aided Therapy
- Squeeze Technique
- Stress Inoculation Training
- Termination
- Therapeutic Relationship
- Thought-Stopping
- Video Feedback
- Virtual Reality Therapy
- Minor Techniques - Child Clinical Applications
- 3-5-10-15 Method for Spelling
- Aromatic Ammonia
- Attention Training Procedures
- Beat the Buzzer
- Behavioral Rehearsal
- Chore and Allowance Program for Children
- Competing Response Training
- Compliance Training
- Contingent Exercise
- Contingent Restraint
- Correspondence Training
- Covert Conditioning With Children and Adolescents
- Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior
- Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Behavior
- Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior
- Discrimination Training
- Donald M. Baer
- Errorless Compliance Training
- Escape Training
- Facial Screening
- Fading
- Feedback
- Five-Step Procedure for Stealing
- Generalized Conditioned Punisher
- Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer
- Goal Setting
- Good Behavior Game
- Graduated Extinction
- Group Contingency
- Habituation
- Home-Based Reinforcement
- Homework
- Imaginal Procedures
- Lemon Juice Therapy
- Marking Time-Out
- Massed Practice
- Negative Practice
- Noncontingent Reward (Reinforcement)
- Positive Practice
- Problem-Solving Training
- Prompt
- Public Posting
- Regulated Breathing
- Reinforced Practice
- Restitution
- Retention Control Training
- Ritual Prevention
- Role Playing
- Self-Instruction Training
- Self-Monitoring
- Self-Praise
- Sensory Extinction
- Somatic Control Strategies
- Spontaneous Recovery
- Sticker/Star Chart
- Stimulus Control
- Stimulus Discrimination Training
- Task Analysis
- Thought Stopping
- Transfer of Stimulus Control
- Vicarious Conditioning
- Vicarious Extinction
- Vicarious Punishment
- Vicarious Reinforcement
- Virtual Reality Therapy With Children
- Water Misting
- Write-Say Method
- Minor Techniques - Educational Applications
- Academic Interventions
- Active Student Responding
- Active Supervision
- Augmentative and Alternative Communication
- Beginning Reading
- Behavior Intervention Planning
- Behavioral Contracting
- Behavioral Momentum
- Behavioral Objectives
- Behavioral Rehearsal
- Chaining
- Choral Responding
- Classwide Peer Tutoring
- Corporal Punishment
- Cross-Age Tutoring
- Detention
- Differential Reinforcement
- Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior
- Discrete Trial Instruction
- Discrimination Training
- Error Correction
- Errorless Learning
- Extinction
- Fading
- Functional Communication Training
- General Case Programming
- Incidental Teaching
- Learned Helplessness
- Long-Term Objectives
- Mainstreaming
- Mastery Learning
- Negative Reinforcement
- Noncontingent Reinforcement as a Treatment for Problem Behavior in the Classroom
- Operant Conditioning
- Opportunity to Respond
- Pacing
- Peer Tutoring
- Pivotal Response Training
- Positive Peer Reporting
- Positive Reinforcement
- Precision Teaching
- Precorrection
- Preference and Reinforcer Identification
- Premack Principle
- Programmed Instruction
- Prompting
- Schedules of Reinforcement
- Self-Assessment
- Self-Instruction
- Self-Management
- Shaping to Teach New Behaviors
- Short-Term Objectives
- Social Skills Instruction
- Suspension
- Task Analysis
- Task Interspersal
- Teaching Schoolwide Expectations
- Teaching Students Self-Control
- Time Delay Instructional Procedure
- Time-Out
- Token Economy
- Research - Adult Clinical Applications
- Research - Educational Applications
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Conduct Disorders
- Effective Learning Environments
- Evidence-Based Practice
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
- Learning Disabilities
- Project Follow Through and Direct Instruction
- Self-Determination
- Sleep Deprivation
- Speech and Language Disorders
- Research and Theoretical - Child Clinical Applications
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Behavior Therapy
- Behavioral Pediatrics
- Case Conceptualization
- Classical Conditioning
- Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Child Clinical Applications
- Empirically Supported Treatments for Childhood Disorders
- Functional Analysis
- Generalization
- Maintenance
- Operant Conditioning
- Paradigmatic Behavior Therapy
- Research Designs
- Schedules of Reinforcement
- Theoretical and Conceptual Issues - Adult Clinical Applications
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy
- Behavior Therapy and Neuropsychology
- Behavior Therapy Theory
- Behavior Training
- Behavioral Analytic Approach to Supervision
- Behavioral Consultation
- Behavioral Social Work
- Behavioral Sport Psychology
- Behavioral Treatment in Natural Environments
- Behavioral Treatments of Minorities
- Behavioral Working Alliance
- Classical Conditioning
- Contextualism
- Cultural Differences in Cognitive Therapy
- Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Patient-Focused Research
- Historical Antecedents of Behavior Modification and Therapy
- Kantor's Interbehaviorism
- Philosophical Aspects of Behaviorism
- Private Events
- Schedules of Reinforcement
- Therapeutic Relationship
- Treatment Compliance in Cognitive Behavior Therapy
- Treatment Failures in Behavior Therapy
- Theoretical Issues - Educational Applications
- Acquisition
- Antecedent
- Baseline
- Beginning Reading Instruction
- Behavioral Dimensions
- Behavioral Fluency
- Character Education
- Coercive Cycles in Families
- Consequence
- Contextual Fit
- Contextualism and Behavior Analysis
- Contingencies in Educational Settings
- Deprivation
- Establishing Operations
- Ethical Issues Regarding Behavior Management in the Schools
- Functional Relation
- Functions of Behavior
- Generalization
- Maintenance
- Operant
- Phases of Learning
- Preventing Escalated Behavior: Strategies for Defusing Problem Behavior
- Problem-Solving Consultation Model
- Punishment
- Response Class Theory
- Response Cost
- Rule-Governed Behavior
- Rules
- Satiation
- Setting Event
- Social Competence
- Stimulus Control
- Systems of Care
- Testable Hypothesis
- Zero Tolerance
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