High-Quality Analysis

Conceptual Overview and Discussion

Analysis is a systematic search for meaning that proceeds inductively (from the specific to the general) so that general statements about the phenomenon [Page 438]can be made. Analysis is considered to be high quality when the researcher has explicitly documented both the processes for analyzing the data and the justification for proceeding in such a way. The method of analysis in case study research depends upon the content, question, methods, situation, scope, and theoretical orientation of the case.

Arguably, high-quality analysis begins at the earliest stages of research, at which time critical design decisions are made related to the framework and the unit of analysis to be used. Data analysis that occurs during the earliest days of collection serves to inform the researcher about shifts that may need to occur in the protocols. Analysis of researcher field notes helps the researcher to capture emerging understandings and insights while they are still fresh. Of course, the bulk of the data analysis happens once the work is completed at the field site.

Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba purport that trustworthiness is the most critical aspect in evaluating the quality of a research study. Trustworthiness involves establishing credibility (confidence in the “truth” of the findings). Three techniques for establishing credibility are triangulation, member checking, and negative case analysis (i.e., including a search for rival explanations).

The best technique for establishing credibility is a thick description, which provides an accurate view from which to discern points of significance and critical insights. Triangulation means that three different sources of data have been referenced to support the finding. Member checking (e.g., having participants read and make commentary on their own interviews) provides repeat opportunities for participants to say and show what they mean. Negative case analysis is the process of rewriting or reimagining the hypothesis as more information is made available.

Dependability (that the findings are consistent and could be repeated) is another method of assessing the quality of case study research. It is best established through an inquiry audit. An inquiry audit is the systematic process of checking the analysis for procedural and organizational quality using criteria and an audit trail. A well-organized audit trail aids peer reviewers in evaluating the quality of the analysis by breaking down the data by class, type, and source. Audit trails permit confirmability (the extent to which the findings represent the study participants' perspectives). Robust analytical frameworks are transparent and coherent, enabling readers to make informed critical judgments about the quality of the work.

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