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President's Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies
President Jimmy Carter issued an executive order on April 21, 1978, to form the President's Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies. The commission consisted of 25 members appointed by the president. The commission conducted research and held a series of meetings, hearings, and interviews from 1978 to 1979. The four main objectives of the commission were to (1) improve communication and understanding with other nations, (2) evaluate the demand and job market for foreign-language and area specialists, (3) identify which foreign-language-area studies programs are appropriate at all academic levels, and (4) make accommodations that allow the commission's recommendations to be fulfilled.
Published in November 1979, the commission's report is a summary of the state of foreign-language and international studies. The report is divided into six chapters: foreign-language competence, K-12 education, higher education, research and academic and scholarly exchanges, citizen education, and business and labor needs abroad. Each chapter identifies major issues and concerns in the field, followed by a list of the commission's recommendations. The recommendations stress the need for additional funding at all levels, greater public awareness, and an overall increase in academic course offerings and curriculum, with international content at all levels.
Contents of the Report
Chapter 1 describes the need for a higher level of foreign-language competence at all educational levels, with communicative proficiency being a priority. The commission identified complete public support as a necessity in solving problems such as teacher training, budget, curricula, methodology, supplies and materials, and testing in foreign-language instruction. The commission's recommendations for improving foreign-language competence include professional development of teachers, incentives for education institutions, the creation of language and international high schools, pedagogical experimentation, such as dual-immersion programs, building a national criteria and assessment program, establishing an advisory council on foreign-language and international studies, assessment of federal government language needs and the creation of a national public awareness campaign.
Chapter 2 focuses on the education of students in Grades K-12 and their preparation for participation in a global world in the 21st century. The commission identified a need for children to gain knowledge of the surrounding world and a greater awareness of other people and other cultures. The commission stated its belief that it is important to begin educating children during early childhood on languages and international affairs. For the educational system to create a more global perspective for students that would include international content in all subjects, the commission noted that teachers need additional training, knowledge, and tools. At the K-12 grade levels, the commission recommends creating model international curricula via statewide “lighthouse” programs and placing international education specialists at the state level to provide guidance and leadership. Further recommendations in the commission's final report were the inclusion of international education requirements for the licensing and certification of all teachers, the improvement of professional development for teachers, the incorporation of international content in curriculum development, the use of minorities and foreign visitors for intercultural teaching and learning experiences, the development of high school exchange programs, media programs in international education, professional associations, and research on the impact of overseas experiences on students and teachers.
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- Family, Communities, and Society
- Accommodation Theory, Second-Language
- Americanization and its Critics
- Attitudes toward Language Diversity
- Benefits of Bilingualism and Heritage Languages
- Bilingual Education in the Press
- Easy and Difficult Languages
- English in the World
- English-Only Organizations
- Heritage Languages in Families
- Hidden Curriculum
- Hispanic Population Growth
- Home/School Relations
- Immigration and Language Policy
- Language Brokering
- Language Loyalty
- Language Restrictionism
- Nationality-Culture Myth
- One Person-One Language (OPOL)
- Peer Pressure and Language Learning
- Raising Bilingual Children
- Spanish Loan Words in U.S. English
- Spanish, Decline in use
- Spanish, The Second National Language
- Transnational Students
- Views of Language Difference
- History
- Americanization and its Critics
- Boarding Schools and Native Languages
- Defense Language Institute
- Early Bilingual Programs, 1960s
- Early Immigrants and English Language Learning
- Equity Struggles and Educational Reform
- German Language Education
- German Language in U.S. History
- Languages in Colonial Schools, Eastern
- Languages in Colonial Schools, Western
- Latino Civil Rights Movement
- National Education Association Tucson Symposium
- Nationalization of Languages
- Navajo Code Talkers
- President's Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies
- Puerto Rico, School Language Policies
- Southeast Asian Refugees
- St. Lambert Immersion Study
- Vietnamese Immigration
- Instructional Designs
- Additive and Subtractive Programs
- Biculturalism
- Bilingual Charter Schools
- Bilingual Special Education
- Costs of Bilingual Education
- Deaf Bilingual Education
- Designation and Redesignation of English Language Learners
- Dual-Language Programs
- English as a Second Language Approaches
- English Immersion
- English or Content Instruction
- Gifted and Talented Bilinguals
- Heritage Language Education
- Indigenous Language Revitalization
- Indigenous Languages as Second Languages
- Literacy and Biliteracy
- Multicultural Education
- Newcomer Programs
- Oyster Bilingual School
- P.S. 25, New York City's First Bilingual School
- Phonics in Bilingual Education
- Program Goals, Purpose of
- Program Quality Indicators
- Pull-Out ESL Instruction
- Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol
- Spanish, Proactive Maintenance
- Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English
- Transitional Bilingual Education Programs
- Whole Language
- Languages and Linguistics
- Accents and Their Meaning
- Affective Filter
- Baby Talk
- BICS/CALP Theory
- Bilingualism Stages
- Chinese in the United States
- Chinese Language Study, Prospects
- Code Switching
- Cognates, True and False
- Compound and Coordinate Bilingualism
- Comprehensible Input
- Container Theory of Language
- Continua of Biliteracy
- Critical Languages for the United States
- Critical Period Hypothesis
- Discourse Analysis
- Ebonics
- English, First World Language
- First-Language Acquisition
- Indigenous Languages, Current Status
- Indo-European Languages
- Interlanguage
- Japanese Language in Hawai'i
- Language Acquisition Device
- Language Defined
- Language Dominance
- Language Persistence
- Language Registers
- Language Revival and Renewal
- Language Shift and Language Loss
- Language Socialization
- Language Socialization of Indigenous Children
- Learning a Language, Best Age
- Linguistics, an Overview
- Measuring Language Proficiency
- Metalinguistic Awareness
- Modern Languages in Schools and Colleges
- Monitor Model
- Native English Speakers Redefined
- Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax
- Pragmatics
- Second-Language Acquisition
- Semilingualism
- Skills Transfer Theory
- Social Bilingualism
- Spanglish
- Threshold Hypothesis
- Underlying Linguistic Proficiencies
- World Englishes
- People and Organizations
- Alatis, James E.
- Andersson, Theodore
- Baker, Colin
- Bennett, William J.
- Bernal, Joe J.
- Bourne, Randolph S.
- Cárdenas, José A.
- Castro Feinberg, Rosa
- Center for Applied Linguistics, Initial Focus
- Center for Applied Linguistics, Recent Focus
- Chavez, Linda
- Christian, Donna
- Collier, Virginia P.
- Crawford, James
- Cummins, James
- De Avila, Edward
- Epstein, Noel
- Escamilla, Kathy
- Escobedo, Deborah
- Fernández, Ricardo
- Fishman, Joshua A.
- Gómez, Joel
- Gómez, Severo
- García, Eugene E.
- González, Henry B.
- González, Josué M.
- Guerrero, Adalberto
- Hakuta, Kenji
- Haugen, Einar
- Hayakawa, S. I.
- Hogan, Timothy M.
- Hornberger, Nancy
- Kloss, Heinz
- Krashen, Stephen D.
- LaFontaine, Hernán
- Lyons, James J.
- Moll, Luis
- Multicultural Education, Training, and Advocacy (META)
- National Association for Bilingual Education
- National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education
- Nieto, Sonia
- Office for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education
- Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs
- Ogbu, John
- Oyama, Henry
- Pérez-Hogan, Carmen
- Peña, Álbar Antonio
- Porter, Rosalie Pedalino
- Rodríguez, Armando
- Rodríguez, Richard
- Roos, Peter D.
- Roybal, Edward R.
- Ruiz, Richard
- Saville-Troike, Muriel
- Seidner, María M.
- Simon, Paul M.
- Spolsky, Bernard
- Stanford Working Group
- Tanton, John H.
- TESOL, Inc.
- Troike, Rudolph C, Jr.
- Truán, Carlos
- Trueba, Enrique (Henry)
- Unz, Ron
- Urquides, María
- Valdés, Guadalupe
- Wong Fillmore, Lily
- Yarborough, Ralph
- Zamora, Gloria L.
- Zelasko, Nancy
- Policy Evolution
- Castañeda Three-Part Test
- Flores v. State of Arizona
- Lau v. Nichols, Enforcement Documents
- Lau v. Nichols, San Francisco Unified School District's Response
- Lau v. Nichols, the Ruling
- Méndez v. Westminster
- Affirmative Steps to English
- Amendment 31 (Colorado)
- Aspira Consent Decree
- Bilingual Education as Language Policy
- Canadian and U.S. Language Policies
- Chacón-Moscone Legislation
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- English for the Children Campaign
- Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974
- Exit Criteria for English Language Learner Programs
- Federal Court Decisions and Legislation
- High-Stakes Testing
- Home Language Survey
- Immigration and Language Policy
- Improving America's Schools Act of 1994
- Labeling Bilingual Education Clients: LESA, LEP, and ELL
- Language Education Policy in Global Perspective
- Language Policy and Social Control
- Language Rights in Education
- Maintenance Policy Denied
- National Defense Education Act of 1958
- National Literacy Panel
- Native American Languages, Legal Support for
- No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Testing Requirements
- No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Title I
- No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Title III
- Official English Legislation, Favored
- Official English Legislation, Position of English Teachers on
- Official Language Designation
- Paradox of Bilingualism
- Proposition 203 (Arizona)
- Proposition 203 (Arizona), Impact of
- Proposition 227 (California)
- Proposition 227 (California), Impact of
- Question 2 (Massachusetts)
- Texas Legislation (HB 103 and SB 121)
- Title VII, Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 1967 Senate Hearings
- Title VII, Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Key Historical Marker
- Title VII, Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Subsequent Amendments
- Title VII, Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Text (Appendix B)
- Transitional Bilingual Education Model Questioned
- U.S. Bilingual Education Viewed from Abroad
- U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Report
- Undocumented Students' Rights
- Voter Initiatives in Education
- Related Social Sciences
- Acculturation
- Affective Dimension of Bilingualism
- Assimilation
- Bilingualism in Holistic Perspective
- Brain Research
- Cognitive Benefits of Bilingualism
- Cultural Capital
- Cultural Deficit and Cultural Mismatch Theories
- Culture Shock
- Deficit-Based Education Theory
- Enculturation
- Ethnocentrism
- Home Language and Self-Esteem
- Language and Identity
- Language and Thought
- Languages and Power
- Latino Attitudes toward English
- Melting-Pot Theory
- Program Effectiveness Research
- Social Class and Language Status
- Social Class and School Success
- Status Differences among Languages
- U.S. Census Language Data
- Views of Bilingual Education
- Vygotsky and Language Learning
- Teaching and Learning
- Academic English
- Audio-Lingual Method
- Best English to Learn
- Bilingual Paraprofessionals
- Bilingual Teacher Licensure
- Classroom Discourse
- Communicative Approach
- Communities of Practice
- Concurrent Translation Method
- Contrastive Analysis
- Credentialing Foreign-Trained Teachers
- Critical Literacy
- Culturally Competent Teaching
- English, How Long to Learn
- Error Analysis
- Four-Skills Language Learning Theory
- Grammar-Translation Method
- Language Experience Approach to Reading
- Language Learning in Children and Adults
- Language Study Today
- Literacy Instruction, First and Second Language
- Natural Approach
- Primary-Language Support
- Professional Development
- Proficiency, Fluency, and Mastery
- School Leader's Role
- Situated Learning
- Social Learning
- Spanish-Language Enrollments
- Teacher Certification by States
- Teacher Preparation, Then and Now
- Teacher Qualifications
- Technology in Language Teaching and Learning
- Transformative Teaching Model
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