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Winti
Winti is the expression of African religion in Suriname, a country located on the northeast coast of South America, facing the Atlantic Ocean to the north and bordering Brazil to the south. On the east side, its border with French Guyana is formed by the Marowyne River, and on the west side, its border with Guyana is formed by the Corantyn River. Suriname occupies an area of some 46,060 square miles and has a population of approximately 470,000.
Suriname is a multicultural country. The largest ethnic groups are the East Indians or Hindustanis, the Africans who are divided into maroons and nonmaroons (also called “créoles”), and the Indonesian Javanese. In addition to these, there are smaller groups, such as the indigenous South American Indians, Chinese, Lebanese, and Dutch Europeans. Although the African population is no longer the largest ethnic group, they have tended to dominate the political scene, comprising some 31% of the population, with the East Indians representing approximately 37% of the population. The Suriname forests are home to the largest maroon populations in the Americas. Suriname still has some 60,000 maroons.
Introduction to African Suriname Religion
Winti is the cultural-religious heritage and essential product of approximately four traditional African religions. Over the centuries, these have been fused into one as a result of the socialization of Africans from different ethnic groups brought to Suriname during the slave trade. The Winti religion is part of a strong African cultural heritage that has sustained itself in Suriname despite centuries of slavery and cultural oppression. The development and practice of the Winti religion has been attacked, obstructed, and inhibited over the centuries by the colonial culture, in general, and the Christian churches, in particular. Winti was declared taboo; it was associated with the occult and with the calling of demonic powers. The whole Winti faith was put in the sphere of “black magic” and became symbolic of a lower social status in the country. Some people of the capital town and coastal area also associate it with the maroons who live in the interior forest.
Despite this, the Winti religion survived and continues to manifest itself in the people's culture. People often practice it in secret and gather in places outside of town. This is how Winti developed a secret character. Many people in the capital practice Christianity by day and Winti in secret at night. Others attempted to forget about it altogether, but were, through cultural circumstances, made to at least respect it. Some upper- or middle-class “créoles” from the capital claim not to believe in Winti, but when they encounter a problem in life that may appear to be a “health” problem, which cannot be cured by Western medicine, their elders usually recommend that they seek resolution through Winti. These days, increasing numbers of people are openly professing their religious beliefs and more easily expressing their feelings regarding their faith in Winti.
Essential Principles and Concepts of Winti
In Winti, the supreme God, which is omnipotent, omnipresent, and all knowing, is called Anana Kedoeaman Kedoeampon, meaning “God of Heaven and Earth.” The name Anana Kedoeaman Kedoeampon originates from the Fante-Akan name for the same, Anana Tweaduaman Tweaduampon. Winti concepts and vocabulary originate and draw heavily from the Fante-Akan tradition and also combine with other West African ethnic traditions, especially Ga, Ewe, Fon, West Bantu, and some Yoruba. Depending on the geographic location in Suriname, whether coastal or interior, Winti may have more or less influence from one or the other traditional African ethnic heritage, as well as a few indigenous American Indian-originated spirits and words.
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