Arbitration

A form of alternative dispute resolution. Mediation and nonbinding resolution are types of arbitration. In theory, arbitration is a consensual process.

Toulmin's Layout of Argumentation (named after the British philosopher, Stephen Toulmin) is based on a model that identifies six aspects of argument that are common in any field. The substance of the argument may change from one field to another, but the parts remain the same. These parts of the argument include the following aspects: data, claim, warrant, backing, reservation, and qualifier. The Toulmin model is a key ingredient in learning aspects of argumentation. Effective debate incorporates all six aspects mentioned above. Although it was originally meant for legal argument, Toulmin (1979) adapted the method to general communications theory. For more information, see Toulmin (1958) and Toulmin, Riecke, and Janik (1979).